PENYELIDIKAN EKSPERIMENTAL

DALAM PENDIDIKAN
(Experimental Research in Education)
EDU 6902
• Instructor
• Saidon Amri, PhD (Kinesiology)
• Dip Sc with Education (Chemistry) - UPM
• Bachelor of Education (Physical Education)- UPM
• Master Science, PhD (Kinesiology) – Michigan State
• Contact : 0126763460

• Teaching Experience
– Teacher : 1981 – 1995
– Lecturer : 2001 –
• Area of special interest
– Let me know yours!
• Name:
• Academic background
• Experience
• Master/PHD in …….
 Class Structure
• Lecture hours : Wednesday 8 – 11 pm ??
• Requirements
– Attendance
– Assignments
• Assignments
– Presentation of articles of your interest
and how it is related to you intended study (20 %)
– Presentation of Problem Statement and
Research Hypotheses (20%)
– Research proposal (30 %)
• Final Exam (30 %)
• EDU6902_Penyelidikan Eksperimental dalam Pendidikan
Sinopsis.doc
 Learning Objectives
 Define experimental research, and describe when to use
it, and how it developed
 Identify the key characteristics of experiments
 State the types of experimental designs
 Recognize the potential ethical issues in experimental
research
 Describe the steps in conducting an experiment
 Evaluate the quality of an experiment
The Research Process Cycle
Flow of the Research Process through Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
 Quantitative Research
Characteristics (1 of 2)

• Describe a research problem through trends and relationships

• Give major role for the literature to suggest questions and justify the research
problem
• Create purpose statements, research questions, and hypotheses that are
specific, narrow, measureable, and observable
 Quantitative Research
Characteristics (2 of 2)

• Collect numeric data from a large number of people using

instruments
• Analyze data for trends, group comparisons, and
relationships among variables
• Write the research report using standard, fixed structures
and an objective, unbiased approach
 Qualitative Research
Characteristics (1 of 2)

• Explore a problem through obtaining a detailed understanding of a central

phenomenon
• Have the literature justify the problem and play a minor role
• State the purpose and research questions in a general, open-ended way
 Qualitative Research
Characteristics (2 of 2)

• Collect data based on words from a small number of

participants
• Analyze the data using text analysis to obtain detailed
descriptions and themes
• Write the research report using flexible and emerging
structures
 Similarities between Quantitative
and Qualitative Research
• Both follow the six steps in the process of research
• Both have introductions that establish the importance of the research problem
• Both use interviews and observations
 Differences between Quantitative and Qualitative Research

• Quantitative research problems direct hypotheses and questions; Qualitative

problems establishes importance
• Quantitative data collection is more closed-ended; Qualitative more open-
ended
• Quantitative data analysis is based on statistics; Qualitative analysis based on
text or image analysis
• Quantitative reporting has a set structure; Qualitative reporting is more flexible
• Different points on a continuum
 Factors in Deciding to Use
Quantitative or Qualitative
Research
• Match type of research to your research problem
• Fit type of research to your audiences
• Relate type of research to your experiences and training
Types of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Designs and Their
Primary Uses (1 of 3)
Figure 1.4 Types of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Designs
and Their Primary Uses (2 of 3)
Types of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Designs and Their
Primary Uses (3 of 3)
 Experimental Research
• Provides a basis for comparing 2 or more
conditions
• Controls or accounts for the effects of extraneous
factors, providing the highest degree of
confidence in the validity of outcomes
• Enables the researcher to draw meaningful
conclusions about observed differences
• Randomized controlled trials, single subject
designs, sequential clinical trials, evaluation
research, quasi-experimental research, meta-
analysis
 Experimental Design
• Advantages
– Best establishes cause-and-effect relationships
• Disadvantages
– Artificiality of experiments
– Feasibility
– Unethical
 What is an Experiment, When Should You Use
It, and How Did It Develop? (1 of 4)
• In an experiment, you test an idea (or practice or
procedure) to determine whether it influences an
outcome or dependent variable
• Experimental design process
– Decide on idea with which to experiment
– Assign individuals to experience it (and have some
experience something different)
– Determine whether those who experienced the idea
(or practice or procedure) performed better on some
outcome than those who did not experience
 What is an Experiment, When Should You
Use It, and How Did It Develop? (2 of 4)
When Do You Use an Experiment?
• Used to establish probable cause and effect
– Between independent and dependent variables
– Control for all variables that might influence the
outcome
• Used when comparing two or more groups
 What is an Experiment, When Should
You Use It, and How Did It Develop? (3
of 4)
Making Causal Inferences
Four criteria
• Causal relativity-can compare between effects of one
cause and another
• Causal manipulation-each participant can potentially be
part of the intervention or control
• Temporal order-cause comes first and the effect second
• Elimination of alternative explanations-what else may
account for relationship?
What Are Key Characteristics of
Experiments? (1 of 17)
• Random assignment
• Control over extraneous variables
• Manipulation of the treatment conditions
• Outcome measures
• Group comparisons
• Threats to validity