Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Eastern Washington U;
Objectives
Describe the basic concept of an oscillator
Discuss the basic principles of operation of an
oscillator
Analyze the operation of RC and LC oscillators
Describe the operation of the basic relaxation
oscillator circuits
Introduction
Oscillator is an electronic circuit that generates a
periodic waveform on its output without an external
signal source. It is used to convert dc to ac.
Oscillators are circuits that produce a continuous
signal of some type without the need of an input.
These signals serve a variety of purposes.
Communications systems, digital systems
(including computers), and test equipment make use
of oscillators
Oscillators
Oscillation: an effect that repeatedly and regularly
fluctuates about the mean value
Square wave
Sawtooth wave
Types of oscillators
1. RC oscillators
Wien Bridge
Phase-Shift
2. LC oscillators
Hartley
Colpitts
Crystal
3. Unijunction / relaxation oscillators
Linear Oscillators
Vf SelectiveNetwork
(f)
| A | 1 (Barkhausen Criterion)
A 0
Vo AVe
AVs V f AVs βVo
Vo AVs AVo
1 A Vo AVs
The closed loop gain is:
Vo A
Af
Vs 1 Aβ
Basic principles for oscillation
In general A and are functions of frequency and
thus may be written as;
As
A f s s
Vo
Vs 1 As β s
As βs is known as loop gain
Basic principles for oscillation
Writing T s As β s the loop gain becomes;
As
A f s
1 T s
Replacing s with j
A jω
A f jω
1 T jω
and T jω A jωβ jω
Basic principles for oscillation
At a specific frequency f0
A jω0
A f jω0
1 A jω0 β jω0
will be infinite, i.e. the circuit will have finite output
for zero input signal - oscillation
Basic principles for oscillation
Thus, the condition for sinusoidal oscillation of
frequency f0 is;
A jω0 β jω0 1
This is known as Barkhausen criterion.
The frequency of oscillation is solely determined by
the phase characteristic of the feedback loop – the
loop oscillates at the frequency for which the phase
is zero.
Barkhausen Criterion – another way
In phase
Vf Vo
Av
Noninverting
amplifier
Feedback
circuit
Design Criteria for Oscillators
1. The magnitude of the loop gain must be unity or
slightly larger
Aβ 1 – Barkhaussen criterion
R2 Z p
T s As β s 1
Z Z
R1 p s
where;
R
Zp
1 sRC
and; 1 sRC
Zs
sC
Wien-bridge Oscillator
Hence;
R2
T s 1
1
R1 3 sRC 1 /sRC
Substituting for s;
R2
T j 1
1
R1 3 jRC 1/jRC
For oscillation frequency f0 [0 ]
R2
T j0 1
1
R1 3 j0 RC 1/j0 RC
Wien-bridge Oscillator
Since at the frequency of oscillation, T(j) must be
real (for zero phase condition), the imaginary
component must be zero;
1
j0 RC 0
j0 RC
which gives us – [how?! – do it now]
1
0
RC
1
j0 RC 0
j0 RC
1
j0 RC
j0 RC
( j0 RC ) 2 1
j 0 RC 1
2 2
1.0 RC 1
2
0 RC 1
2
0 RC 1
1
0
RC
Wien-bridge Oscillator
From the previous eq. (for oscillation frequency f0),
R2
T j0 1
1
R1 3 j0 RC 1/j0 RC
the magnitude condition is;
R2 1 R2 1 R2
1 1 1 3 1 2
R1 3 0 R1 3 R1
non inverting,
R2
gain A 1 1 2 3
R1
Wien-bridge oscillator.
Wien-Bridge oscillator output
Vo Z2 ( jR2 X C 2 / R2 jX C 2 )
Vi Z1 Z 2 ( R1 jX C1 ) ( jR2 X C 2 / R2 jX C 2 )
jR2 X C 2
( R1 jX C1 )( R2 jX C 2 ) jR2 X C 2
Feedback factor
0.3
1 1 =1/3
or R1 R2 0.28
RX C 0
3RX C j ( R 2 X C2 ) -0.5
-1
Frequency
Ref:06103104HKN 38 EE3110 Oscillator
1
Example
By setting , we get
RC
Imaginary part = 0 and 1 Rf
3 R1
Due to Barkhausen Criterion,
Loop gain Av=1
where +
Av : Gain of the amplifier C R
Vo
Rf R Z1
Av 1 Av 3 1 C Z2
R1
Rf
Therefore, 2 Wien Bridge Oscillator
R1
1
fr
2 6 RC
Phase-Shift Oscillator
C R2
R
C v2
C v1 v2 v3
vi v1 vo
R R
vo R2
A( s)
3
v3 R
sRC sRC
v1 vi v3 vi
1 sRC 1 sRC
3
sRC
2
sRC v3
( s)
v2 vi
1 sRC vi 1 sRC
Phase-Shift Oscillator
Loop gain, T(s):
3
R2 sRC
T ( s ) A( s ) ( s )
R 1 sRC
Set s=jw
3
R2 jRC
T ( j )
R 1 jRC
2
R ( j RC )( RC ) 2
T ( j )
R 1 3 R C jRC 3 R C
2 2 2 2 2 2
Phase-Shift Oscillator
To satisfy condition T(jwo)=1, real component must
be zero since the numerator is purely imaginary.
1 3 R C 0
2 2 2
1 R2
fo 29 The gain must be at least
2 6 RC
29 to maintain the
R oscillations
LC Oscillators
Use transistors and LC tuned circuits or crystals in
their feedback network.
For hundreds of kHz to hundreds of MHz frequency
range.
Examine Colpitts, Hartley and crystal oscillator.
Colpitts Oscillator
The Colpitts oscillator is a type
of oscillator that uses an LC
circuit in the feed-back loop.
The feedback network is made
up of a pair of tapped
capacitors (C1 and C2) and an
inductor L to produce a
feedback necessary for
oscillations.
The output voltage is
developed across C1.
The feedback voltage is
developed across C2.
Colpitts Oscillator
KCL at the output node:
Vo Vo Vo
g mVgs 0 - Eq (1)
1 R 1
sL
sC1 sC 2
voltage divider produces:
1
Vgs sC2
Vo
1
sC sL - Eq (2)
2
substitute eq(2) into eq(1):
Vo g m sC2 1 s 2 LC2
1
sC1 0
R
Colpitts Oscillator
Assume that oscillation has started, then Vo≠0
1
2
sC1 C2 g m 0
s LC2
s LC1C2
3
R R
Let s=jω
1 2 LC2
g m
j C1 C2 2 LC1C2 0
R R
both real & imaginary component must be zero
Imaginary component: 1
o
C1C2 - Eq (3)
L
C1 C2
Colpitts Oscillator
both real & imaginary component must be zero
Imaginary component:
2 LC2 1
gm - Eq (4)
R R
Combining Eq(3) and Eq(4):
C2
gm R
C1
to initiate oscillations spontaneously:
C2
g m R
C1
Hartley Oscillator
The Hartley oscillator is
almost identical to the
Colpitts oscillator.
The primary difference
is that the feedback
network of the Hartley
oscillator uses tapped
inductors (L1 and L2) and
a single capacitor C.
Hartley Oscillator
the analysis of Hartley oscillator is identical to that
Colpitts oscillator.
the frequency of oscillation:
1
o
L1 L2 C
Crystal Oscillator
Most communications and digital applications require the
use of oscillators with extremely stable output. Crystal
oscillators are invented to overcome the output fluctuation
experienced by conventional oscillators.
Crystals used in electronic applications consist of a quartz
wafer held between two metal plates and housed in a a
package as shown in Fig. 9 (a) and (b).
Crystal Oscillator
Piezoelectric Effect
The quartz crystal is made of silicon oxide (SiO2) and
exhibits a property called the piezoelectric
When a changing an alternating voltage is applied across
the crystal, it vibrates at the frequency of the applied
voltage. In the other word, the frequency of the applied ac
voltage is equal to the natural resonant frequency of the
crystal.
The thinner the crystal, higher its frequency of vibration.
This phenomenon is called piezoelectric effect.
Crystal Oscillator
Characteristic of Quartz
Crystal
R
The crystal can have two resonant
frequencies; CM
L
One is the series resonance frequency f1
which occurs when XL = XC. At this C
frequency, crystal offers a very low
impedance to the external circuit where
Z = R.
The other is the parallel resonance (or
antiresonance) frequency f2 which
occurs when reactance of the series leg
equals the reactance of CM. At this
frequency, crystal offers a very high
impedance to the external circuit
Crystal Oscillator
The crystal is connected as a series element in the
feedback path from collector to the base so that it is
excited in the series-resonance mode
BJT
FET
Crystal Oscillator
Since, in series resonance, crystal impedance is the smallest that
causes the crystal provides the largest positive feedback.
Resistors R1, R2, and RE provide a voltage-divider stabilized dc bias
circuit. Capacitor CE provides ac bypass of the emitter resistor, RE
to avoid degeneration.
The RFC coil provides dc collector load and also prevents any ac
signal from entering the dc supply.
The coupling capacitor CC has negligible reactance at circuit
operating frequency but blocks any dc flow between collector and
base.
The oscillation frequency equals the series-resonance frequency of
the crystal and is given by: 1
fo
2 LCC
Unijunction Oscillator
The unijunction transistor
can be used in what is
called a relaxation oscillator
as shown by basic circuit as
follow.
The unijunction oscillator
provides a pulse signal
suitable for digital-circuit
applications. UJT
1
fo
RT CT ln 1 / 1
where, η = the unijunction transistor intrinsic stand-
off ratio
Typically, a unijunction transistor has a stand-off
ratio from 0.4 to 0.6