Normal Shock Wave in

Duct
 Prepared by:
• Eltayeb Osman Barka
• Bdr aldeen Babikir Ata
• Mohamed Abashar Ahmed

Supervisor:
 Dr Abdullah Mukhtar
 Shock waves
Wave phenomenon is classified as follows

Wave phenomenon

Weak wave Shock wave

Week Week
Normal shock Oblique shock
compression expansion
wave wave
wave wave
A shock wave is a type of propagating disturbance. An alternative
name for the shock wave is shock front.

Like an ordinary wave, it carries energy and can propagate through

a medium (solid, liquid, gas or plasma) or in some cases in the
absence of a material medium, through a field such as the
electromagnetic field.

Shock wave is a very thin region in a flow where supersonic flow is

decelerated to subsonic flow. The process is adiabatic but non-
isentropic.
Across the shock there is always an extremely rapid rise in
pressure, temperature and density of the flow.

A Shock wave travels through most media at a higher speed than

an ordinary wave.
Shock wave form when the speed of a fluid changes by more than
the speed of sound.

In a shock wave the properties of the fluid (density, pressure,

temperature, velocity, Mach number) changes almost instantaneous.

Shock waves can be stationary or moving.

Types of Shock Waves:

Normal shock wave Oblique shock wave Curved shock wave

- easiest to analyze - will be analyzed - difficult to analyze
based on normal
shock relations

- The flow across a shock wave is adiabatic

but
not isentropic (because it is irreversible). So:
T01  T02
P01  P02
Normal Shock Wave
If the shock wave is perpendicular to the flow direction it is called a
normal shock. A normal shock occurs in front of a supersonic object
if the flow is turned by a large amount and the shock cannot remain
attached to the body.
 Properties of Normal Shock:

 Perpendicular to the flow.

 Always decelerate flow to subsonic flow.

Normal shock waves occur, for example, in the intakes to the

engines in some supersonic aircraft, in the exhaust system of
reciprocating engines, in long distance gas pipe-lines and in mine
shafts as a result of the use of explosives.
M1 M2 P2 T2 2 a2 P 02 P 02
P1 T1 1 a1 P 01 P1

P1 P2  P1
1  2  1
T1 T2  T1
P01 P02  P01

T01 T02  T01

M1  1 M2 1

Ms  0
MOVING NORMAL SHOCK WAVES:

when a sudden disturbance occurs in a flow, such as, for example, the
sudden closing of a valve in a pipe-line or an explosive release of
energy at a point in a duct, a normal shock wave can be generated
which is moving relative to the duct walls.

STATIONARY NORMAL SHOCK WAVES:

When a normal shock wave occurs, for example, in a steady

flow through duct, it can be stationary with respect to the
coordinate system which is fixed relative to the walls of the
duct. Such a shock wave is called a stationary shock wave
since it is not moving relative to the coordinate system used.
Generation of a Normal
Shock Wave
NORMAL SHOCK WAVE RELATIONS IN TERMS OF MACH
NUMBER:

While the relations derived in the previous section for the changes
across a normal shock in terms of the pressure ratio across the shock,
i.e., in terms of the shock strength, are the most useful form of the
normal shock wave relations for some purposes, it is often more
convenient to have these relations in terms of the upstream Mach
number M1 . To obtain these forms of the normal shock wave relations,
it is convenient to start again with a control volume across the shock
wave such as that shown in the following figure and to again apply
conservation of mass, momentum and energy to this control volume but
in this case to rearrange the resulting relations in terms of Mach number.
 Governing Equations
V1 V2
Conservation of mass: P1 P2
1V1 A   2V2 A T1 T2
Conservation of momentum: 1 2
 P1  P2  A  m V2  V1  Conservation of energy:
P1  P2  1V1 V2  V1  c pT1 
V12
 c pT2 
V22
 c pT0
P1  P2   2V2 V2  V1  2 2
Change of variable:
Rearranging:
P P  2  P1  2  P2
V1V2  V12  1 2    V12     V22
1    1  1   1  2
P1  P2
V22  V1V2   2  P1 P2 
2 V22  V12     
Combining:    1  1  2 
 1 1 
 P1  P2      V22  V12
 combine
 1  2 
 Governing Equations cont.

Continued:
 1 1   2  P1 P2 
 P1  P2      
   
 1  2     1  1  2 
Multiplied by 2/p1:
 P2   2   2   2 P2 
1    1     
 P1  1     1  1 P1 

Rearranging:
   1   2     1  P2 
   1    1
P2    1  1   2    1  P1 
 or 
P1    1   2  1    1  P2 
       
   1  1     1  P1 
 Governing Equations cont.

From conservation of mass:

   1  P2 
   1
 2 V1    1  P1 
 
1 V2    1  P2 
   
   1  P1 

From equation of state:

T2 P2 1

T1 P1  2

   1  P2 
   
T2    1  P1 

T1    1  P1 
   
   1  P2 
 Governing Equations cont.

Conservation of mass 1V1  2V2

 1V 1   2V 2 C P1 P
M1 RT1  2 M2 RT2
RT1 RT2
Conservation of momentum
 P1  P2  A  m V2  V1  O M1
1 M12
1 
 1 2
2
M1 
M2
1 M 22
1 
 1 2
2
M2
P1  1V12  P2   2V22

a2  
P

M M12 (1
 1 2
M1 ) M 22 (1
 1 2
M2 )
P1 1  M 12   P2 1  M 22 
2  2
B 1 M12  2
1 M22  2
Conservation of energy

h1 
V12
 h2 
V22 I Expanding the equations
2 2
    1 2  N   1  M24  M14   2M22M12  M22  M12 
 T2  1  2 M 1 
   
T    1   E  
 2 M 22  M12  0
 1  1  M2 
2

 2 
 Governing Equations cont.

Solution:

M2  
   1 M 12  2
2M 1     1
2

Mach number cannot be negative. So, only the positive value is realistic.
 Governing Equations cont.

Temp. ratio
Dens. ratio
    1 2 
 T2  1  2 M 1  2 V1 M1 T1
     

 T1  1     1 M 22  1 V2 M22 T2V1  M 1 T1
 2  1 V2 M2 T2

    1 2  2     1 2  2 2 
1  M 1  M 12  1 1 M1  M1 1
2 M  2   1
 T2  
  
2    1    2 1 M 2 
 T1      1 2  2 1  11 M12  2    1 2  2
 
 2   1  M 1
 M1
 2  1 
 
1 2M1    1
2  
Pres. ratio

P2 1  M 12  Simplifying:

P1 1  M 22 
2 ( 1)M12
 3
P2 2M  1
2 1 ( 1)M12  2
  1
2
P1  1  1
 Governing Equations cont.

Stagnation pressures:
P02 P02 P1 P2

P01 P2 P01 P1

  1 2   1
1 M2   2M 12     1 
P02  2
   
P01 1    1 M 2     1 
1
 2 
Other relations:
P02 P02 P01

P1 P01 P1
P01 P01 P02

P2 P02 P2
 Governing Equations cont.

Entropy change:
T  P  Shock wave
s2  s1  c p ln  2   R ln  2 
 T1   P1 
But, S02=S2 and S01=S1 because the flow is
all isentropic before and after shockwave. 1 2

So, when applied to stagnation points:

T  P 
s02  s01  c p ln  02   R ln  02 
 T01   P01 

But, flow across the shock wave is adiabatic & non-isentropic:

T01  T02

And the stagnation entropy is equal to the static entropy:

P 
s02  s01   R ln  02   s2  s1  1
 P01 
So:
P02   s2  s1 
 exp 1  Total pressure decreases across shock wave !
P01 R
Example :
Air flows with a Mach number of Mx = 3, at pressure of 0.5 [bar]
and temperature 0 C goes through a normal shock. Calculate the
temperature, pressure, total pressure and velocity downstream of the
shock.

Solution:
First, given
Mx = 3, Px = 1.5[bar] and Tx = 273K.
Py/Px=10.3333

Py=1.5*10.3333=15.5 bar
 WING SWEEP COMPARISON

F-100D English Lightning