Work study

The body of knowledge concerned with

the analysis of the work methods and the
equipment used in performing a job ,the
design of an optimum work method and the
standardization of proposed work methods.

A systematic , objective and critical

examination of the factors affecting
productivity
 Objectives of Work study

• To improve productivity of the current jobs

• Reduce waste through standardization of
work elements.
• Analyse present job and develop new and
better method.
• Measure the work content of the job and to
establish the standard time
• To improve labor efficiency
• Enable optimal utilization of plant and
equipments.
• Evaluate human effort.
• Establish standards of performance
 Work study can be broadly divided into
two parts.

• Methods study
• Time study / work measurement
 Method study procedure
• SELECT the work to be studied.

• RECORD the present method in detail by using

operation process chart/flow process
chart/motion chart/film analysis.

• EXAMINE the facts critically considering the

purpose, place, sequence, person and means.
• DEVELOP best method under prevailing
circumstances.

• DEFINE the new method for the job.

• INSTALL the new method as standard practice.

• MAINTAIN the new method.

 Charts used
• Outline process chart
• Operation process chart
• Flow process chart
• Two handed process chart
• Multiple activity chart
• Man-machine chart
• Flow diagram
• String diagram
• SIMO chart
 Therbligs
• Search (Sr) • Inspect (I)
• Select (St) • Assemble(A)
• Grasp (G) • Disassemble (DA)
• Transport Empty (TE) • Use(U)
• Transport Loaded (TL) • Unavoidable delay (UD)
• Hold (H) • Avoidable delay (AD)
• Release load (RL) • Plan (Pn)
• Position (P) • Rest (R)
• Pre-position (PP) • Find (F)
 Principles of motion economy

• Rules concerning use of human body

• Rules concerning arrangement of workplace

• Rules concerning the design of tools and

equipment
 Rules relating to Human body
• The two hands should begin as well as complete their
motions at the same time.
• The two hands should not be idle at the same time
except during rest periods.
• Motions of the arms should be made in opposite and
symmetrical directions and should be made
simultaneously.
• Hand and body motions should be confined to the
lowest classification with which it is possible to
perform the work satisfactorily.
• Momentum should be employed to assist the worker
wherever possible, and it should be reduced to
minimum if it must be overcome by muscular effort.
• Smooth , continuous curved motions of the hands
are preferable to straight line motions involving
sudden and sharp changes in direction.
• Ballistic movements are faster, easier and more
accurate than restricted or controlled movements
• Work should be arranged to permit easy and natural
rhythm wherever possible.
• Eye fixation should be as free and as close together
as possible.
 Rules for arrangement of workplace

• There should be a definite and fixed place for all

tools and equipment.
• Tools, materials and controls should be located close
to the point of use.
• Gravity feed bins and containers should be used to
deliver material close to the point of use.
• Drop deliveries should be used wherever possible.
• Materials and tools should be located to permit the
best sequence of motions.
• Provisions should be made for adequate conditions
for seeing. Good illumination is the first requirement
for satisfactory visual perception.
• The height of the workplace and the chair should
preferably arranged so that alternate shifting and
standing at work are easily possible.
• A chair of the type and height to permit good posture
should be provided for every worker.
Rules for design of tools and equipment
• The hands should be relieved of all the work that
can be done more advantageously by a jig, a
fixture or a foot operated device.

• Two or more tools should be combined wherever

possible.

• Tools and materials should be pre positioned

whenever possible.
• Where each finger performs some specific movement
such as in type writing, the load should be distributed
in accordance with the inherent capacities of the
fingers.

• Levers, crossbars and hand wheels which should be

located in such positions that the operator can
manipulate them with the least change in body
position and with the greatest mechanical
advantage.
 Micro motion study
A minute analysis of those operations that
are short in cycle, contain rapid movements
and involve high production over a long
period of time is called micro motion study.
Motion pictures of the operations are
taken , the film is analyzed and SIMO chart is
prepared.
 Memo motion study

A special form of micro motion study in

which the motion pictures are taken at slow
speeds using a motion picture camera.

Most common are 60 frames/sec and 100

frames/sec.