23-27 September 2019

Renewable energy resources

Waseem Iqbal
Assistant Professor
Electrical Engineering Department
University of Management and technology

Renewable Electrical Energy Resources EE407

Contents

1. Introduction
a) Renewable Energy Resources
b) Non Renewable Energy Resources
c) Greenhouse effect
d) Energy generation and consumption
2. Solar energy
a) Photovoltaic
b) Solar thermal
c) Concentrated photovoltaic (CPV)
d) Daylighting
3. Wind energy
4. Biomass Energy
 Renewable Energy Systems
Renewable energy comes from natural resources such as sun, wind, water,
biomass, ocean and earth. It is generated continuously without decay of resource.
A conversion system is required to convert renewable energy into electrical
energy.
 Solar Energy
 Wind Energy
 Hydropower
 Biomass
 Ocean energy
 Geothermal
Non Renewable Energy Systems
• Conventional
• Petroleum
• Natural Gas
• Coal
• Nuclear
Advantages of Fossil Fuels(Coal , Oil, Gas)

• Very large amounts of electricity can be generated in one place using coal,
fairly cheaply.

• Transporting oil and gas to the power stations is easy.

• Gas-fired power stations are very efficient.

• A fossil-fuelled power station can be built almost anywhere

 Disadvantages of Fossil Fuels

 Pollution
Burning any fossil fuel produces carbon dioxide, which contributes to the
"greenhouse effect", warming the Earth.
 Burning coal produces more carbon dioxide than burning oil or gas. It also
produces sulphur dioxide, a gas that contributes to acid rain. We can
reduce this before releasing the waste gases into the atmosphere. (Any
News/ Governing body )
 Mining coal can be difficult and dangerous. (Any National/International
News ? )
Nuclear Energy
• Nuclear power is generated using Uranium, which is a metal mined in various
parts of the world.
• Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world's energy needs, and
produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel, without the
pollution that you'd get from burning fossil fuels
• The reactor uses Uranium rods as fuel, and the heat is generated by nuclear
fission. Neutrons smash into the nucleus of the uranium atoms, which split
roughly in half and release energy in the form of heat. ( Two Types of
reaction ? )
Advantages

 Nuclear power costs about the same as coal, so it's not expensive to make.

 Does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the
greenhouse effect.

 Produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel.

 Produces small amounts of waste.

Disadvantages

• It is very, very dangerous.

• It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to
die away. (There is a story, that waste material of is causing pollution in
some part of the ocean: Google and watch a video)
• It is reliable, but a lot of money has to be spent on safety - if it does go wrong,
a nuclear accident can be a major disaster.
• People are increasingly concerned about the safety.
Greenhouse Effect

CO2, CH4, NOx, CFC, etc…

72%~77%% of total greenhouse gases is CO2

Infrared (IR)
radiation is Sunlight (UV,
given off by the Visible) passes
Earth to outer through the
space and cools atmosphere and
the Earth warms the Earth

Greenhouse effect balances sunlight in and out and makes the earth surface suitable for life
When More CO2 Emitted to Atmosphere
Climate changes

CO2, CH4, NO2, CFC-12, etc…

Some IR is Infrared (IR) 50 ppm (part per
radiation is given off million: mg/L) CO2
trapped by
by the Earth to outer
increased space and cools the was increased in
Greenhouse Earth the recent 35
gases years
Sunlight (UV,
Visible) passes
through the
atmosphere and
warms the Earth

Increasing Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere traps IR and reduces the cooling effect on earth
Energy Generation

Annual energy outlook 2011 (EIA, U.S.) Top 10 emitting countries, IEA 2011
Energy Generation cont’d…

Energy demand in Pakistan

World renewable electricity generation 2005-2035

Total primary energy supplies in Pakistan, 2014. (billion kilowatthours)
Energy consumption: 450 KWh per capita U.S. Energy information administration (EIA) 2012
 Photovoltaic
Applications
• Power for residential and commercial
rooftop , as well as power plants (grid
connected), and rural electrification
(non-grid connected)
Technologies
• Si and polysilicon solar cell
Solar Star, 579 MW, CA, USA
• Thin-film on glass or flexible substrate Quaid e Azam Solar Power, 100
MW, Pakistan
Cost & Complexity
• High in upfront capital
• Lowest running cost
• Easy to install
Environmental Impact
• 20X lower CO2 emission than Solarpark Meuro, 166 MW, Germany
conventional coal electricity ?
If PV modules of 20% average efficiency were installed on 0.05% of the earth surface,
~ 0.65% earth’s total desert area, it would meet current world energy demand
Solar thermal
Applications
• Water and space heating
• Electricity
Technology
• Heating: using solar collectors
• Electricity: heating medium and mirrors Solar Techno Park, 40-60 kW
to concentrate lights Micro-scaled Concentrated Solar Tokyo, Japan
tower and parabolic technology
Power Plant, USA
•
Cost & Complexity
• Heating: cost effective and fast return
• Electricity: high upfront capital cost but
relatively low running cost
Environmental Impact
• 50X less CO2 emission than fossil energy
• Large land demand for power plant 29 MW thermal, California IBM-led Group, 25 KW
Hawaii, USA
 Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV)
• Heating and electricity
• High efficiency
• High capital cost but relatively
low running cost
• Precise optics
• Multi-junction solar cell

Parabolic reflector

CPV installation in different countries Parabolic trough CPV concept

Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV) cont’d..

Fresnel-based CPV system

Losses occurring in the CPV system

Daylighting

Applications
• Lighting in buildings
Cost
• High capital cost
Energy-saving in buildings Sunlight direct
• 80% electric lighting energy consumption

Tabular guidance system Hybrid CPV and daylighting Fresnel lens

Wind Energy

Applications
• Power plant
Technology Maturity
• One of the earliest alternative energies
• Horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines
Gansu Wind Farm Project, 6800
Cost & Complexity MW, China
• The most cost effective and competitive with
fossil energy
Environmental Impact
• Lowest CO2 emission with minimal pollution ?
• Minimal water and energy consumption
• Noise Samyang Korea
• Electromagnetic interference Fowler Ridge Wind Farm, 600
MW, USA
• Birds fatal collisions
Biomass Energy

Applications
• Heating, fuels (e.g. ethanol) and electricity
Biomass Sources
• Energy crops (e.g. corn, sugar cane)
• Wastes (energy from wastes)
Technologies Biomass plant Biomass sources in the primary bioenergy
• Combustion mix. Source, IPCC, 2007

• Anaerobic digestion
• Gasification
Cost & Complexity
• Upfront equipment capital is high
Environmental Impact
• CO2 emission: 93 g CO2/kWh (combustion),
25 g CO2/kWh (gasification) Bioenergy in the world primary energy mix. Source, IEA, 2006
Discussion

Thanks
?