1.

1 Intro to Geometry
Geometry
The word "geometry "
comes from two Greek
words
geo and metron meaning "earth measuring."
Geometry was extremely important to ancient societies and
was used for surveying, astronomy, navigation, and building.
Geometry, as we know it is actually known as Euclidean
geometry which was written well over 2000 years ago in
Ancient Greece by Euclid, Pythagoras, Thales, Plato and
Aristotle just to mention a few. The most fascinating and
accurate geometry text was written by Euclid, and was called
Elements. Euclid's text has been used for over 2000 years!
 Millau Bridge
Millenium Park Sir Norman Foster
Fallingwaters
Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright

Point, Lines, Planes, Angles

Components of Geometry Part 1
 GEOMETRY’S
UNDEFINED TERMS
POINT
LINE
PLANE
 POINT
A point is a_______,
or a_____.
 POINT
A point is not a physical
object – you can not
touch it, feel it, or even
see it.
 POINT
A point has no size.
 POINT
A point can be represented by
a dot. The size that you
make the dot is not
important because a point
has no size. Make it just
large enough to see.
 POINT
A point is named by using an
“upper-case” “block” letter.

EXAMPLE: P

This figure would be called “point P”.

 POINT
EXAMPLE 2:
X

This figure would be

called “point X”.
 LINE
 A line is a set of points that
extends infinitely in 2
opposite directions.
What does “infinitely” mean ?
NEVER-ENDING
(Goes on forever.)
 LINE
Why does it
EXAMPLE: have arrows on
both ends ?
TO SHOW THAT IT
EXTENDS
INFINITELY IN
BOTH (OPPOSITE)
DIRECTIONS
 NAMING A LINE
There are 2 ways:
1.Use the names of (any) two
points on the line.
What name(s)
Example: can we give to
X this line?
P
Line ___or line____
 NAMING A LINE
There are 2 ways:
2. Use a “lower-case” “cursive” letter
(located near one of the arrows).
Example: What name
can we give
to this line?
 NAMING A LINE
There are 2 ways:
1. Use the names of (any) two
points on the line. PX
EXAMPLE: line PX (OR USE A “SYMBOL” FOR
LINE AND WRITE IT ABOVE THE LETTERS.)
2. Use a “lower-case” “cursive” letter
(located near one of the arrows).
EXAMPLE: line ____
 How many names does this
line have?
K
R G
There are 7 different names that you could
use to name this line.
They are:
 Let’s try again.
How many names does this line have?

X t
N
F
There are 7 different names that you could
use to name this line.
They are:
 ONE MORE TIME.
How many names does this line have?

N
C Y
T
There are 12 different names that you could
use to name this line.
They are:
 PLANE
 A plane is a “flat surface” – a
set of points that extends
infinitely in 2 dimensions.
What does “dimension” mean ?
________,_______,__________
.
A plane is infinitely long and infinitely
wide, but it has no height (or depth).
 PLANE
A plane can be drawn
(represented) by a four sided
figure known as a parallelogram.
 PLANE
A plane can be named by a single
“upper-case” “block” letter (written
near a corner of the plane).
What is the name
of this plane?
Q
Plane Q
or □Q
What is the name of this plane?

R N
ANSWER:
T _______
F

WHY CAN’T IT BE CALLED PLANE R or T or N ?

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Descriptions of Defined Terms
 Space
 General Terms
Congruent
Similar
Equal
Union
Intersection
 Space
Refers to the set of all points.
Space goes on forever in every
direction, and therefore has length,
width, and depth. Space has no
special notations. It is simply
referred to as space. Space
contains at least 4 points that are
not all on the same plane.
 General Terms
Congruent
Similar
Equal
Union
Intersection
Congruent
@ or congruent shapes are
the same shape and size;
therefore, after some
movement of the shapes
they can be made to fit
exactly on top of one
another.
Congruent
@ or congruent shapes are
the same shape and size;
therefore, after some
movement of the shapes
they can be made to fit
exactly on top of one
another.
Similar
~ or similar shapes are the
same shape, but can be different
sizes; thus congruent shapes are
also similar shapes, but similar
shapes are not necessarily
congruent shapes.
Equal
= or equal can apply to
sets of points being
exactly the same set or to
numerical measurements
being exactly the same
number values.
Union
or union refers to
putting all of the points
together and describing
the result.
Intersection

 or intersection refers to
describing only those points
that are common to all sets
involved in the intersection or
to describing the points where
indicated shapes touch.
Ray
 Symbolized by
Let’s look at a ray:
A is called the initial
point The initial point is
always the first
A B letter in naming a
ray. Notice the
AB

difference in
Ray AB extends in symbols from both
one direction a line and segment.
without end.
Symbol alert!
Not all symbols are created equal!

AB is the same as BA A B

A B
AB is the same as BA
BUT…
 Symbol alert!!
The ray is different!
Initial point 1st

AB is not the same as BA

A B AB
A B BA
Notice that the initial point is listed first in the symbol. Also
note that the symbolic ray always has the arrowhead on the
right regardless of the direction of the ray.
Opposite Rays
If C is between A and
B, A C B

then CA and CB are opposite

rays.
C is the common initial point for the rays!
 Angles
Rays are important because they help us define something very
important in geometry…Angles!
An angle consists of two different rays that have the same initial
point. The rays are sides of the angles. The initial point is called
the vertex. Notation: We denote an angle with
three points and  symbol. The
vertex B middle point is always the vertex.
We can also name the angle with
sides just the vertex point. This angle can
A be denoted as:

C BAC , CAB, or A
 Classifying Angles
Angles are classified as acute, right,
obtuse, and straight, according to their
measures. Angles have measures greater
than 0° and less or equal to 180°.

A A A A
Acute angle Right angle Obtuse angle Straight angle
0°< m A < m A = 90°< m A < m  A = 180°
90° 90° 180°
 Intersections of lines and planes

• Two or more geometric figures intersect if they have

one or more points in common.
• The intersection of the figures is the set of points the
figure has in common

How do 2 line intersect?

How do 2 planes intersect?
What about a line and a plane?
 Modeling Intersections
 To think about the questions on the last slide lets look at the
following… Point E is the
Two lines E intersection
intersect at a of plane H
point, like here and line EC
at point A. B A F
D
H C
G
Line BF is the intersection of the
planes G and H.