ASTHMA

DI SUSUN OLEH
FATIKATUL MUSYAROFAH
1914201069
Nursing Care Plan & Management

• Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways

characterized by hyper-responsiveness, mucosal edema, and
mucus production.
 Causes

•The main triggers for asthma are

allergies, viral infections,
autonomic nervous system
imbalances that can cause an
increase in parasympathetic
stimulation, medications,
psychological factors, and
exercise.
Pathophysiology

1. An asthma attack
may occur
spontaneously or in
response to a trigger .
Pathophysiology
2. Three events contribute to clinical
manifestations
• Bronchial spasm
• Inflammation and edema of the mucosa
• Production of thick mucus, which results in
increased airway resistance, premature
closure of airways, hyperinflation,
increased work of breathing, and impaired
gas exchange
Pathophysiology
3. not treated promptly, status
asthmaticus – an acute, severe,
prolonged asthma attack that is
unresponsive to the usual
treatment – may occur,
requiring hospitalization.
Classification

1.Extrinsic Asthma –
called Atopic/allergic
asthma
2. Intrinsic asthma –
called non-allergic asthma
Clinical Manifestations
• Most common symptoms of asthma
are cough (with or without mucus
production), dyspnea, and wheezing
• Asthma attacks frequently occur at
night or in the early morning
• Chest tightness and dyspnea occur.
• Expiration requires effort and
becomes prolonged
• As exacerbation progresses, central
cyanosis secondary to severe hypoxia may
occur
• Additional symptoms, such as diaphoresis,
tachycardia, and a widened pulse
pressure, may occur.
• Exercise-induced asthma: maximal
symptoms during exercise, absence of
nocturnal symptoms, and sometimes only
a description of a “choking” sensation
during exercise.
• A severe, continuous reaction, status
asthmaticus, may occur. It is life-
threatening
•
Primary Nursing Diagnosis

•Ineffective airway clearance

related to obstruction from
narrowed lumen and thick
mucus
OUTCOMES
•Respiratory status: Gas
exchange; Ventilation;
Symptom control behavior;
Treatment behavior: Illness
or injury; Comfort level
INTERVENTIONS
• Airway management; Anxiety
reduction; Oxygen therapy;
Airway suctioning;Airway
insertion and stabilization; Cough
enhancement; Mechanical
ventilation;
Positioning;Respiratory
monitoring