Diabetes Mellitus

Dr. Mohd Syis Bin Zulkipli

MD (UGM), MPH (UM), OHD (DOSH)
Non-Communicable Disease Unit
Melaka Health State Department

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What is Diabetes?

 Chronic and incurable disease

 Occurs when the body doesn’t produce any or enough insulin, leading
to an excess of sugar (glucose) in the blood

 High blood leads to a variety of complications, particularly for the

eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels.

 In 2015, 3.5 million (17.5%) Malaysian aged 18 years old and above
have diabetes

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Types of Diabetes – Type 1

 Juvenile-onset

 Caused by an auto-immune reaction where the body’s defence system

attacks the cells that produce insulin

 People with type 1 diabetes produce very little or no insulin

 Need injections of insulin every day in order to control the levels of

glucose in their blood

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Types of Diabetes – Type 1

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Types of Diabetes – Type 2

 Non-insulin dependent diabetes or adult-onset diabetes (90% of

diabetes)

 Characterised by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency

 Diagnosis is often made when a complication appears or a routine

blood or urine glucose test

 Often, but not always, associated with overweight or obesity

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Types of Diabetes – Type 2

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Types of Diabetes – Gestational Diabetes

 High blood glucose levels during pregnancy

 It develops in 1 out of 25 pregnancies worldwide

 Associated with complications to both mother and baby

 Disappears after pregnancy but women with GDM and their children
are at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life

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Risk Factor of Diabetes
 Family history of diabetes  High blood pressure

 Overweight  Ethnicity

 Unhealthy diet  Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)

 Physical inactivity  History of gestational diabetes

 Increasing age  Poor nutrition during pregnancy

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 Diabetes
Complications

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Prevention

 Lifestyle modification

 Healthy diet
 Eating at least three servings of vegetable every day
 Limiting alcohol intake to a maximum of two standard drinks per
day
 Choosing lean cuts of white meat, poultry or seafood instead of
red or processed meat
 Choosing whole-grain bread, rice, or pasta instead of white bread,
rice, or pasta

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Thank You

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