Diet & Diabetes

Dr. Kabirul Bashar

Professor
Department of Public Health
North South University
 Diabetes Mellitus

¢A group of diseases characterized by high

levels of blood glucose resulting from defects
in insulin production, insulin action, or both.

¢Types:-
1) Type 1 diabetes
2) Type 2 diabetes
3) Gestational diabetes
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 Type 1 diabetes
*Type 1 diabetes, which used to be called
insulin-dependent diabetes, occurs when the
body fails to produce insulin, the hormone
required for controlling blood sugar levels.

*People with type 1 diabetes require regular

insulin injections to correct this.
*It is also called “juvenile diabetes”.

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 Type 1 diabetes Cont…
*Type 1 diabetes usually affects young people,
often in childhood, and is the least common of
the two forms of diabetes accounting for
between five to 15 per cent of all people with
this disease.

*The cause is unknown.

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 Cont…
¢Type I Diabetes
— Body’s immune system attacks cells that
make insulin.
— Cells die causing high sugar levels in the
blood.
— Lack of insulin coupled with high blood sugar
may cause acid build up in the blood known
as diabetic keto-acidosis.

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 Type 2 Diabetes
*Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistance, a
condition in which cells fail to respond to
insulin properly. As the disease progresses a
lack of insulin may also develop.

*This form was previously referred to as "non

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus"
(NIDDM) or "adult-onset diabetes".

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 Type 2 Diabetes Cont…
*The primary cause is excessive body
weight and not enough exercise.

*Who gets it?

*Anyone can develop Type II Diabetes

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 Cont…..
¢Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes –

—Risk Factors you can control

¢Your habit
¢Smoking
¢Lack of physical activity
¢High blood pressure/high cholesterol

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 Cont…..
¢Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes –

— Risk Factors You Can’t Control

-Family History
-Gestational Diabetes
-Age
-Ethnic Group

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 Life with type 2 diabetes
Symptoms:-
¢Increased urination
¢Increased appetite
¢Fatigue
¢Blurred vision
¢Frequent or slow-healing infections (including
internal wounds, skin lesions etc.)

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 Gestational Diabetes
¢Pregnant women without a previous history
of diabetes develop a high blood sugar level
(About 4% world wide)
¢It can cause problems during pregnancy, labor,
and delivery.
¢This type of diabetes is diagnosed in the last
months of pregnancy.
¢Women who get gestational diabetes are more
likely to develop Type II Diabetes.

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Patho-physiology of Diabetes Mellitus
*Type 1 Diabetes
- cells that produce insulin are
destroyed
- results in insulin dependence
- commonly detected before 30
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*Type 2 Diabetes
- blood glucose levels rise due to
1) Lack of insulin
production
2) Insufficient insulin
action (resistant cells)
- commonly detected after 40
- effects > 90%
- eventually leads to β-cell failure
(resulting in insulin dependence)
Gestational Diabetes
3-5% of pregnant women in the US
develop gestational diabetes
 Diet & Type 2 diabetes
*Finding the balance between the amount of
carbohydrates and fat is important. Cut down
on the amount of fat you eat - particularly
saturated (animal) fats, as this type of fat is
linked to heart disease. Choose
monounsaturated fats, such as olive oil and
sunflower oil. Aim to eat a portion of oily fish
at least twice a week.
*Eat regular meals based on starchy
carbohydrate foods - such as bread, pasta,
potatoes, noodles, whole grain rice and
cereals. Include plenty of fresh fruits and
vegetables. 13
 Cont….

*A diabetic adult needs daily:

*Two servings of protein foods eg. meat, fish,
eggs or pulses.
*At least five servings of starchy
carbohydrate foods.
*At least five servings of fruit and vegetables.
*Three servings of low-fat dairy foods.
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Exercise and diabetes
¢Whatever your weight, being fit and
active reduces your risk of diabetes. Physical
activity, when combined with a healthy balanced
diet, will help you to manage your diabetes and
prevent long-term complications.

Smoking and diabetes

¢People with diabetes are at an increased risk
of cardiovascular disease. Stopping smoking will
help to decrease your risk of cardiovascular
disease and minimize the chance of developing
other complications of diabetes.

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Managing diabetes and your diet

*In recent years great strides have been made in

the treatment of diabetes, but no one can deny
the impact a diagnosis of diabetes can have on
individuals. It's important that you begin to make
these changes to your diet as soon as you're
diagnosed.
*Managing diabetes is a daily challenge and
carries its own health risks, especially the
increased likelihood of heart disease.

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 Testing :

Fasting Plasma Glucose Test Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

(FPG) - (cheap, fast) (OGTT)
*fasting B.G.L. 3.9 to 5.5 *tested for 2 hrs after
mmols/l or 70 to 100 mg/dl glucose-
rich drink
*140-199 mg/dl signals pre-
diabetes
*>200 mg/dl signals diabetes

¨ 80 to 90 mg per 100 ml, is the normal fasting blood

glucose concentration in humans and most mammals
which is associated with very low levels
17 of insulin
secretion.
 Treatments for Type II Diabetes

*Treatments take into consideration:

*Age
*Sex
*Weight
*Occupation

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 Most Effective Treatments

*Diet
-
*Exercise
*Oral hypoglycemic agents
*Insulin treatments

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In Conclusion, with the proper
attention and treatment…

Diabetes CAN Be Controlled, so

DON’T let it control you!

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