FOUNDATION

FAIZAN FAROOQ KIRMANI

 FOUNDATION
• A structure essentially consists of two parts namely the superstructure which is
above the ground level and substructure which is below the ground level

• A foundation is the lower most element of a structure which connects it to the

ground and transfers loads from the structure into the ground.
SUPER STRUCTURE

SUB STRUCTURE
 OBJECTIVES OF FOUNDATION

• To distribute the total load over a large area.

• To give stability to the structure against various forces.
• To prevent settlement.
• Minimize distress against soil movement.
• To provide a level surface for building operations.
 FACTORS AFFECTING DESIGN OF
FOUNDATION

• Site condition and environmental factor

• Load of the structure
• Ground water
• Economy
• Time
 BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL

• The load or pressure developed under the foundation without introducing any
damaging movement in the foundation and in the supported structure, is called
bearing capacity of soil
 SAFE BEARING CAPACITY

• The maximum pressure which the soil can carry without any risk of failure,
irrespective of any settlement (that may cause), is known as safe bearing capacity of
the soil.
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY

• It is the least pressure which would cause shear failure of the supporting soil
immediately below and adjacent to a foundation. The ultimate bearing capacity is
defined as the maximum gross pressure intensity at the base of the foundation at
which the soil does not fail.
 ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY
• It is the maximum possible loading that can be applied over a area, which the soil
will be able to resist without undergoing any excessive settlement and shear failure.
 TYPES OF FOUNDATION

• Shallow foundation
• Deep foundation
 SHALLOW FOUNDATION
The foundation whose depth is less or equal to its width is called shallow foundation.
The depth of shallow foundation is generally about 3-4 meters.

Types:-
• Spread footings
• Raft foundation
D= DEPTH OF THE FOUNDATION

FROM GROUND LEVEL

B= WIDTH OF THE FOUNDATION

 SPREAD FOUNDATION
• The total load of the structure transmitted to the base of the structure,
which is spread over a large area by a spread foundation.
 TYPES OF SPREAD FOUNDATION
• Wall footing
• Isolated footing
• Combined footing
• Cantilever footing
• Inverted arc footing
• Grillage foundation
• Stepped footing
 WALL FOOTING
• Wall footing may either be simple or
stepped. Simple footing are provided for
walls which carry light load where as
stepped footing are provided for walls
carrying heavy load.
 ISOLATED FOOTING
• Isolated foundations are generally
provided under isolated columns to
transfer the load of the structure to
the soil bed.
 COMBINED FOOTING
• A continuous footing which is constructed
for two or more columns is called
combined footing.
 CANTILEVER FOOTING
• A cantilever footing, is a special case of
combined foundation in which two
separate footings are tied together by a
beam called tie beam or strap beam. The
load from the exterior column is
balanced by the interior column.
 INVERTED ARC FOOTING
• The footing which consists of the
inverted arches between the pier is
called an inverted arc footing.
• These footings are useful for bridges,
tanks, reservoirs.
 GRILLAGE FOOTING
• The foundation which consists of one or
two tier of wooden or rolled steel
section with space filled with concrete is
known as grillage footing.
 STEPPED FOOTING
• The foundation having its bed in the form of
steps of concrete is known as stepped
footing.
 TO CALCULATE WIDTH AND DEPTH
OF THE FOOTING
Width

B=W/P
Here
B = width of the footing in meters
W = total load coming on the spread footing in kg
P = safe bearing capacity of soil in Kg/m²
 RANKINE’S MINIMUM DEPTH OF
FOUNDATION
• to calculate the minimum depth of foundation Rankine's formula is used
Min depth of footing

D = depth in meters
P = total load on foundation in KN/m2
w = unit weight of soil in or density of soil kg/m3
ϕ = angle of repose of soil or internal friction of soil in degree
 RAFT FOUNDATION
• Raft foundation is actually a thick concrete slab resting on a large area of soil
reinforced with steel, supporting columns or walls and transfer loads from the
structure to the soil. Usually, raft foundation is spread over the entire area of the
structure it is supporting.
• Raft foundation is generally used to support structures like residential or commercial
buildings where soil condition is poor, storage tanks, foundations for heavy industrial
equipment etc.
Raft foundation
 EFFECT OF WATER TABLE ON THE
BEARING CAPACITY
The position of ground water has a significant effect on the bearing capacity of soil. Presence of
water table at a depth less than the width of the foundation from the foundation bottom will
reduce the bearing capacity of the soil.
The bearing capacity equation incorporating the ground water table correction factors is given
below.

Where =Ultimate bearing capacity of soil in

c = Cohesion of soil in kN/m2
Nc, Nq, N? are Terzaghi’s bearing capacity constants
= depth of foundation in meters
B = Width of the foundation in meters
and are water table correction factor
• The water table correction factors can be obtained from the equations given below.
• When water table is at b

• When b = 0
= 0.5

• When water table is at a

• When a =

= 0.5
 DEEP FOUNDATION
• The foundation whose depth is many time more than its width is called deep
foundation.
• A deep foundation is used to transfer the load of a structure down through the upper
weak layer of topsoil to the stronger layer of subsoil
 TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATION
• Pile foundation
• Well foundation
 PILE FOUNDATION
• It can be defines as series of columns constructed or inserted into the ground to
transmit the loads of a structure to a lower level of subsoil.
 WHEN TO USE PILE FOUNDATION
• Heavy and un-uniform loads from superstructure are imposed.
• Other types of foundations are costlier or not feasible.
• When the soil at shallow depth is compressible.
• When there is the possibility of scouring, due to its location near the river bed or
seashore, etc.
• When soil excavation is not possible up to the desired depth due to poor soil
condition.
 FACTORS AFFECTING PILE
• Surrounding soil
• Installation technique
• Method of construction
• Location of pile
• Draining condition of soil
 HOW PILE FOUNDATION WORKS
• End Bearing Piles
• Friction Piles
 END BEARING PILE
• In end bearing piles, the bottom end of
the pile rests on a layer of especially
strong soil or rock. The load of the
building is transferred through the pile
onto the strong layer. In a sense, this pile
acts like a column. The key principle is
that the bottom end rests on the surface
which is the intersection of a weak and
strong layer. The load therefore bypasses
the weak layer and is safely transferred to
the strong layer.
 FRICTION PILE
• Friction piles work on a different principle. The pile
transfers the load of the building to the soil across the
full height of the pile, by friction. In other words, the
entire surface of the pile, which is cylindrical in
shape, works to transfer the forces to the soil.

To visualize how this works, imagine you are pushing

a solid metal rod of say 4mm diameter into a tub of
frozen ice cream. Once you have pushed it in, it is
strong enough to support some load. The greater
the embedment depth in the ice cream, the more load
it can support. This is very similar to how a friction
pile works. In a friction pile, the amount of load a
pile can support is directly proportionate to its length
 MATERIAL USED FOR PILLING
• Timber Piles
• Concrete Piles
• Steel Piles
• Composite Piles
 SPACING BETWEEN PILES
• FOR END BEARING PILES = 2.5d + 0.02L

• FOR FRICTION PILES = 3.5d + 0.02L

• Here d is the diameter of the pile
• L is its length of the pile
 METHOD OF INSTALLATION
• Driven pile
• Bored pile
• Bored piles are generally considered to be non-displacement piles a void is formed by
boring or excavation before piles is produced. Piles can be produced by casting
concrete in the void. Some soils such as stiff clays, bore hole walls do not requires
temporary support. In unstable ground, such as gravel the ground requires temporary
support from casing or bentonite slurry.

• Driven piles are considered to be displacement piles. The process of forcing the pile
into the ground without excavation of the soil is termed as driven pile. The pile is
driven vertically commonly with help of hammer.
DRIVEN PILLING
BORED PILING
 USE OF BENTONITE IN PILING
• The primary aim of any bentonite slurry specification must be to ensure that the
slurry is capable of fulfilling functions of a retainer, sealant and to stay attached
without any effects on the finished pile.

• density of bentonite = 1.10 - 1.12 g/cm3

 SHALLOW AND DEEP FOUNDATION
S. No Sources Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation
1. Definition Foundation which is placed near the Foundation which is placed at a greater
surface of the earth or transfers the loads depth or transfers the loads to deep strata is
at a shallow depth is called shallow called deep foundation.
foundation.

2. The depth of The depth of shallow foundation is Depth of the foundation is greater than its
foundation generally about 3 meters or the depth of width
foundation is less than the footing width.

3. Feasibility Shallow foundations are easier to The construction process of a deep

construct. foundation is more complex.

4. Mechanism of Shallow foundations transfer loads Deep foundations rely both on end bearing
load transfer mostly by end bearing. and skin friction.

5. Cost Shallow foundation is cheaper. Deep foundations are generally more

expensive than shallow foundation.
 WELL FOUNDATION
• Well foundation is a type of deep foundation which is generally provided below the
water level.
• It is made up of either timber, concrete or steel.
• Well foundation is the most common type of deep foundation used for bridges in
India.
1. Staining:
It is the wall or shell of the well, made of R.C.C. and which
transfer the load to the curb. It acts as a enclosure for excavating
the soil for the penetration of well.
2. Curb:
It is a R.C.C. ring beam with steel cutting edge below. The cross-
section of the curb is wedge shaped which facilitates the sinking
of the well. The curb supports well staining. The curb is kept
slightly projected from the stoning to reduce the skin friction.
3. Cutting edge:
It is the lowest part of the well curb which cuts the soil during
sinking.
4. Bottom plug:
After completion of well sinking the bottom of well is plugged
with concrete. The bottom plug which is confined by the well
curb acts as a raft against soil pressure from below.
5. Back fill:
The well is dewatered after setting of the bottom plug and it is
backfilled by sand or excavated material.
 FORCES ACTING ON A WELL
FOUNDATION
In addition to the self weight and buoyancy, it carries the dead load of superstructure,
bearing and piers and subjected to the following horizontal forces:
• Braking effort of the moving vehicle.
• Force of water current
• Seismic forces
• Wind force
• Earth pressure.
 CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF
THE DEPTH OF A WELL
• The selection of the depth of a well foundation is biased on:-

 The grip length below the lowest scour level should be adequate to counteract the
overturning moment due to horizontal forces acting on the bridge deck.

 The well should be dug till it rests on a strata of adequate bearing capacity with
regards to the loads transmitted.
 DISADVANTAGES
• The construction procedure is extremely sensitive and troublesome.
• It is not good for polluted sites.
• It needs expert engineers to design the construction.
• There is lack of qualified workers.
• As the pouring of concrete is done underwater, it may not be satisfactory.
• The help of divers may be required.
 COMPACTION AND CONSOLIDATION
• Compaction:- soil compaction is the process in which stress is applied to a soil
causes densification as air is displaced from the pores between the soil grains.
Normally, compaction is the result of heavy machinery compressing the soil, but it
can also occur due to the passage of (e.g.) animal feet.

• Consolidation:- The compression of saturated soil under steady static pressure is

termed as consolidation which is completely due to expulsion of water from the
voids. Consolidation is generally related to fine-grained soils such as silts and clays.
S.N
Compaction Consolidation
o

Compaction is the compression of soil by the Consolidation is the compression of soil by the expulsion of
1
expulsion of air from the voids of the soil. water from voids of the soil.

2 It is a quick process. It is a slow process.

3 Short term loading is required Long term loading is required.

4 Loading is applied in a dynamic way. Loading is static and constant.

Any type of soil either it is cohesion or Cohesionless Consolidation applies to cohesive soils only especially for low
5
can be compacted. permeable clay.

6 Shear strength of soil increases. Shear strength of soil increases.

Bearing capacity and settlement characteristics

7 Bearing capacity and settlement characteristics improve.
improve.
 FLOW NET
• The network formed by a system of flow lines and equipotential lines is called flow net
• A flow net is a pictorial representation of the pattern of flow and the hydraulic head
causing the flow in soil
• It is used to check for problems like seepage and uplift pressure under hydraulic
structures like dams and sheet piles.
• Flow lines = the path followed by the percolating water through a saturated soil mass
under laminar flow condition is called flow line.

• Equipotential lines = the line joining the points of equal hydraulic potentials is
called equipotential line.

• Flow net = the network formed by a system of flow line and equipotential line s is
called flow net.
 FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF FLOW NET
• Flow lines and equipotential lines in a flow net intersect at right angles.
• All fields formed by equipotential lines and flow lines are approximate squares.
• Same quantity of flow occurs through each flow channel.
• Same potential drop occurs between any two successive equipotential lines.
• The smaller the dimension of a field, greater is the hydraulic gradient and also
velocity of flow.
• In homogeneous soils, the shape of curves is either elliptical or parabolic.
Thank you