Title

Quantifying the Impact of Varying Levels of Nitrogen and Different Sowing Methods on Wheat
under Semi Arid Condition of Faisalabad
Supervisory committee

Prof. Dr.AshfaqAhmad
Dr. Tasneem Khaliq
Dr. M Anwar Ul Haq

Student Name

Faryal Tanweer
2013-ag-2957
M.Sc. (Hons.) Agronomy
Outlines

 Introduction
 Review of Literature
 Objectives
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Conclusions
 References
 Introduction

 In Pakistan
 Area under Wheat Cultivation = 8.5 Million hectares about 37
% of total Cropping Area

 Contribution in GDP = 1.9%

 Value added in agriculture = 9.6 %

(Govt. of Pakistan, 2017)

 Cont…
Sr. no. Country Name Production Ranking
(Million Matric
Tonnes)
1 China 126 1st
2 India 95 2nd
3 Russia 60 3rd
4 USA 55 4th
5 France 39 5th
6 Canada 29 6th
7 Germany 28 7th
8 Pakistan 26 8th
Source: FAOSTAT , 2016-2017)
Review of literature
 Furrow-irrigated raised bed technology is one of the efficient
irrigation methods in which water moves in furrow, and crop is
planted on raised beds due to scarcity of water.
(Wang et al. 2004)

 Fertilizer Application and Different sowing methods are Important

Factor in determining the Yield of Wheat.
(Alam, 2012)
Cont…..

 In Pakistan, wheat sown on 70 cm bed and furrow system in the

rice-wheat area of Punjab produced good yields due to better spike
length, number of grains per spike.
(Mann and Meisner 2003)
 Results showed around 49% saving in irrigation water timing and
18% higher yield with raised bed planting in comparison with flat
sowing.
(Majid et al. 2015)
Objectives

 To Investigate the Effect of Different Nitrogen Doses and Sowing

Methods on Growth, Yield and Development of Wheat.

 To Simulate the Optimum Dose of Nitrogen and Suitable Sowing

Method by Using Modeling Technique.
 Material and Methods

 Location: Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

 Design: RCBD Under Factorial Arrangement
 Net Plot size: 6m×9m
 Sowing Method: Broadcast
 Replications: 3
 Variety: Galaxy-2013
 Fertilizer 65:65 PK kg ha-1
 Seed rate: 125 kg ha-1
 Treatments
Factor A: Sowing Method
1. S1= Bed Sowing
2. S2= Ridge Sowing
3. S3= Flat Sowing
Factor B: Nitrogen
1. N1 = 65 kg ha-1
2. N2= 130 kg ha-1
3. N3= 190 kg ha-1
Observations Recorded

Growth Parameters :
 Plant Height (cm)

 Total dry matter (g m-2)

 Leaf area index

 Leaf area duration (days)

 Crop growth rate (g m-2 day-1)

Yield Parameters

 Length of Spike (cm)

 No. of Spikelet per Spike

 Grains per spike

 1000 grain weight (g)

 Grain yield (kg ha-1)

Effect of sowing dates and nitrogen
levels on Spikelet per Spikes
N1=65 N2=130 N3=190
TREATMENTS MEAN
kgha-1 kgha-1 kgha-1
SM1=Bed Sowing 17.53ef 20.60bc 19.20d 19.11

SM2=Ridge Sowing 18.53de 22.13a 21.53ab 20.73

SM3= Flat Sowing 16.86f 18.80de 19.66cd 18.44

MEAN 17.64 20.51 20.13 19.43

HSD value for

HSD value for SM=0.5848 HSD value for NL=0.5848
Interaction=1.3969
Effect of Sowing Methods and Nitrogen
levels on Spike Length
N1=65 N2=130 N3=190
TREATMENTS MEAN
kgha-1 kgha-1 kgha-1
SM1=Bed Sowing 9.83 10.80 10.56 10.40B

SM2=Ridge Sowing 9.86 11.60 11.06 10.84A

SM3= Flat Sowing 9.60 10.26 10.70 10.18B

MEAN 9.67B 10.88A 10.77A 10.47

HSD value for

HSD value for SM=0.4156 HSD value for NL=0.4156
Interaction=0.9929
Effect of Sowing Methods and Nitrogen
levels on Plant Height
N1=65 N2=130 N3=190
TREATMENTS MEAN
kgha-1 kgha-1 kgha-1
SM1=Bed Sowing 97.07e 102.67bc 100.73cd 100.16

SM2=Ridge Sowing 97.80e 105.13a 104.07ab 102.33

SM3= Flat Sowing 94.27f 99.13de 101.40c 98.27

MEAN 96.38 102.31 102.07 100.25

HSD value for

HSD value for SM=0.9141 HSD value for NL=0.9141
Interaction=2.1835
Effect of Sowing Methods and Nitrogen
levels on Grain Weight
N1=65 N2=130 N3=190
TREATMENTS MEAN
kgha-1 kgha-1 kgha-1
SM1=Bed Sowing 4464.0bc 4924.0abc 5136.3abc 4841.4

SM2=Ridge Sowing 5529.0ab 6768.3a 4968.0abc 5755.1

SM3= Flat Sowing 3159.7c 4001.3bc 5982.7ab 4381.2

MEAN 4384.2 5231.2 5362.3 4992.6

HSD value for

HSD value for SM=936.79 HSD value for NL=936.79
Interaction=2237.8
Effect of Sowing Methods and Nitrogen
levels on 1000 Grain Weight
N1=65 N2=130 N3=190
TREATMENTS MEAN
kgha-1 kgha-1 kgha-1
SM1=Bed Sowing 35.00 38.23 36.86 36.70B

SM2=Ridge Sowing 38.16 41.80 40.60 40.18A

SM3= Flat Sowing 35.23 37.90 37.16 36.76B

MEAN 36.13B 39.31A 38.21AB 37.88

HSD value for

HSD value for SM=2.8877 HSD value for NL=2.8877
Interaction=6.8981
 Conclusion
It is concluded from the study that ridge sowing at 130 kg hac-1 of
nitrogen level produced maximum yield which was 6768.3 kg hac-1.
Similarly all other parameters like spikelet per spike, spike length, plant
height and 1000 grain weight were also found significant at above
mentioned treatments.
References

 Government 0f Pakistan, Pakistan Economic Survey 2016-2017, Economic

Adviser’s Wing, Finance Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan,
2017.

 F. Wang, W. Xuqing, and K. Sayre, “Comparison of conventional, flood irrigated,

flat planting with furrow irrigated, raised bed planting for winter wheat in China,”
Field Crops Research, vol. 87, pp. 35–42, 2004.

 A. Majid, A. Mehmood, A. Niaz et al., “Bed planting of wheat (Triticum aestivum

L.) improves nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield compared to flat planting,”
Crop Journal, vol. 3, pp. 118–124, 2015.
Cont…

 R. D. Jat, H. S. Jat, R. K. Nanwal et al., “Conservation agriculture and precision

nutrient management practices in maize-wheat system: effects on crop and water
productivity and economic profitability,” Field Crops Research, vol. 222, pp. 111–
120, 2018.

 E. A. Waraich, R. Ahmad, and S. Ahmad, “Raised bed planting–a new technique

for enhancing water use efficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in semi-arid
zone,” Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 1, pp. 73–84, 2010.
Cont…

 M. A. Shahid, N. Ahmad, M. Saleem, and B. Akhtar, “Investigating optimum

number of irrigations for wheat under raised bed Technology in a semi-arid
climate,” International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences, vol. 3, pp. 89–
93, 2011.

 M. A. Shahid, N. Ahmad, M. Arshad, and M. Usman, “Enhancing land and water

productivity through furrow irrigated raised bed planting–a case study of
underutilized lands in Pakistan,” Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol.
52, pp. 981–988, 2015.