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Model of The Atom
Model of The Atom
Atom
SEPUP
Science in Global Issues
Chemistry: Earth’s Resources
Activity 7
Field Test (Spring, 2009)
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Elements and Compounds
Examples of elements include:
copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), oxygen
(O2), hydrogen (H2)
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Developing an Atomic Theory
• Many scientists have modified and
elaborated on Dalton’s Atomic Theory.
• The first major advances were possible
with the development of gas discharge
tubes.
• Sir William Crookes was a leader in
experiments with gas discharge tubes.
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Sir William Crookes (mid to late 1800’s)
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Cathode Rays
Reasoning:
• The cathode was the source of the rays because the
rays moved every time the cathode was moved.
• The rays must travel in straight lines because the
shape of the shadow was identical to the shape of
the object that produced it.
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Sir J.J. Thomson (Late 1800’s)
http://www.aip.org/history/mod/fission/fission1/01.html
http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/AtomicStructure/Disc-of-Electron-Images.html
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Sir J.J. Thomson (Late 1800’s)
Evidence:
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Electrons
Reasoning:
• The particles were negative because they
were repelled by negative charges and
attracted towards positive charges.
• The particles were fundamental to all atoms
because the same results were found no
matter what material was used to produce the
electrons.
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Electrons
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Thomson’s Model of the Atom
Evidence:
• Thomson had determined that atoms
contained negative particles called
electrons.
• However, atoms were electrically neutral.
Thomson suggested
that the electrons in
an atom were
embedded in a
positively charged,
diffuse sphere.
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Thomson’s “Plum Pudding” Model
(Early 20th century)
Reasoning:
• Since atoms were electrically neutral but
contained negatively charged electrons, they
must also contain an equal amount of positive
charge.
• Thomson had no experimental evidence for
his model but built on Lord Kelvin’s idea that
positive charge in an atom was spread evenly
and diffusely throughout a spherical shape.
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Rutherford, Geiger, and Marsden
(Early 20th Century)
Rutherford Scattering
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The Nuclear Model of the Atom
Reasoning:
• Most of the alpha particles were able to pass through the atoms
with little or no deflection, therefore the atom was mainly empty
space.
• There must be a concentration of positive charge in order to
cause the alpha particles to be deflected by large angles.
• This concentration of positive charge must be very small or
more alpha particles would have been deflected by large angles.
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Expanding the Nuclear Model of
the Atom
Evidence:
• Atoms are electrically neutral.
• The mass of an atom is greater than the
sum of the mass of its protons and
electrons.
Claim:
• There must be other particles in the
atom.
• These particles must have mass but no
charge.
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Sir James Chadwick (1932)
Reasoning:
• The mass of an atom is greater than the
mass of its protons and electrons.Therefore
there must be another particle in the atom
that has mass.
• This additional particle must not have any
charge, because if it had charge then the
atom would no longer be electrically neutral.
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