- a compound of hydrogen and carbon, such

as any of those that are the chief components

of petroleum and natural gas.

*Alkanes
- are hydrocarbons that contain only single covalent
bonds.
Methane
- The major component of natural gas.

- Sometimes called “marsh gas” because it is formed

by the action of bacteria on decaying vegetation in
swamps and other marshy areas.

- Highly flammable.
Methane
Methane
Ethane
- Simplest alkane containing carbon-carbon bond.
Ethane
- Simplest alkane containing carbon-carbon bond.
 Continuous- Chain Alkanes
- Contain any number of carbon atoms in a straight
chain.
To draw a structural formula,
- just write the symbol for carbon as many times as necessary to
get the proper chain length.
- then fill in with hydrogens and lines representing covalent bonds.

Note: The Names of alkanes always end with –ane.

 Structural Formulas of the First Ten Continuous- Chain Alkanes
Name Molecular Structural Formula Boiling point
Formula (◦C)
Methane CH4 CH4 -161.0
Ethane C2H6 CH3CH3 -88. 5
Propane C3H8 CH3CH2CH3 -42.0
Butane C4H10 CH3CH2 CH2CH3 0.5
Pentane C5H12 CH3CH2 CH2 CH2CH3 36.0
Hexane C6H14 CH3CH2 CH2 CH2CH2CH3 68.7
Heptane C7H16 CH3CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2CH2CH3 98.5
Octane C8H18 CH3CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2CH2CH3 125.6
Nonane C9H20 CH3CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2CH2CH3 150.7
Decane C10H22 CH3CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 174.1
CH2CH2CH3
 Structural Formulas of the First Ten Continuous- Chain Alkanes
Name Molecular Structural Formula Boiling point
Formula (◦C)
Methane CH4 CH4 -161.0
Ethane C2H6 CH3CH3 -88. 5
Propane C3H8 CH3CH2CH3 -42.0
Butane C4H10 CH3CH2 CH2CH3 0.5
Pentane C5H12 CH3CH2 CH2 CH2CH3 36.0
Hexane C6H14 CH3CH2 CH2 CH2CH2CH3 68.7
Heptane C7H16 CH3CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2CH2CH3 98.5
Octane C8H18 CH3CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2CH2CH3 125.6
Nonane C9H20 CH3CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2CH2CH3 150.7
Decane C10H22 CH3CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 174.1
CH2CH2CH3
 Structural Formulas of the First Ten Continuous- Chain Alkanes
Name Molecular Condensed Structural Formula Boiling point
Formula (◦C)
Methane CH4 CH4 -161.0
Ethane C2H6 CH3CH3 -88. 5
Propane C3H8 CH3CH2CH3 -42.0
Butane C4H10 CH3CH2 CH2CH3 0.5
Pentane C5H12 CH3CH2 CH2 CH2CH3 36.0
Hexane C6H14 CH3CH2 CH2 CH2CH2CH3 68.7
Heptane C7H16 CH3CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2CH2CH3 98.5
Octane C8H18 CH3CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2CH2CH3 125.6
Nonane C9H20 CH3CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2CH2CH3 150.7
Decane C10H22 CH3CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 174.1
CH2CH2CH3
The continuous chain alkanes are an example of a homologous series.

homologous series- if there is a constant increment of change in

molecular structure from one compound in the series to next.
Example: Butane

Molecular C4H10
formula

Complete structural
formula

Condensed structural
formula
CH3CH2 CH2CH3

CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 Methylene units

CH3 (CH2)2 CH3
Example:
Problem no. 1

Draw a complete structural formulas for the continuous- chain alkanes that
have three and four carbons.
Branched- Chained Alkanes – An alkane with one or more
alkyl groups
An atom or group of atoms, called a substituent, can take the place of a
hydrogen atom on a parent hydrocarbon molecule.

A hydrocarbon substituent is called an ALKYL GROUP. It can be one or several

carbons long.

Three common alkyl groups are:

Methyl group ------------ CH3

Ethyl group ------------- CH3 CH2

Propyl group ------------ CH3 CH2 CH2

 Three common alkyl groups are:

Methyl group ------------ CH3

Ethyl group ------------- CH3 CH2

Propyl group ------------ CH3 CH2 CH2

Alkyl Groups are sometimes referred to as radicals.

They are named by removing the –ane ending from the parent hydrocarbon name and
adding -yl
The IUPAC rules for naming branched-chained alkanes:

1. Find the longest continuous chain of carbons in the molecule.

CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH- CH- CH- CH3

CH2 CH3 CH3

CH3
The IUPAC rules for naming branched-chained alkanes:

2. Number the carbons in the main chain in sequence. In doing this start at the end
that will give the groups attached to the chain the smallest numbers.

CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH- CH- CH- CH3

CH2 CH3CH3

CH3
The IUPAC rules for naming branched-chained alkanes:

3. Add numbers to the names of the substituent groups to identify their positions in
the chains.

CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH- CH- CH- CH3

CH2 CH CH3
3

CH3
The IUPAC rules for naming branched-chained alkanes:

4. Use prefixes to indicate the appearance of a group more than once in the structure.

CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH- CH- CH- CH3

CH2 CH CH3
3

CH3
The IUPAC rules for naming branched-chained alkanes:

5. List the names of alkyl substituents in alphabetical order. For purposes of

alphabetizing, the prefixes are ignored.

CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH- CH- CH- CH3

CH2 CH CH3
3

CH3
6. Use proper punctuation.
commas- are used to separate numbers. (2,3)
Hyphens- are used to separate numbers and words. ( 2,3- dimethyl)

Note: the name of the alkane is written as one word.

CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH- CH- CH- CH3

CH2 CH CH3
3

CH3

4-ethyl - 2,3- dimethylheptane

Problem Sample
 PROPERTIES OF ALKANES
The electron pair in a carbon-hydrogen or a carbon-carbon bond is bout equally
shared by the nuclei of the elements involved. Therefore hydrocarbon molecules such
as the alkanes are non-polar.

Non-polar organic molecules such as the hydrocarbons are not attracted to

water.

The alkanes are gases or low-boiling, greasy liquids which are insoluble in
water.
 PROPERTIES OF ALKANES

It is possible to draw the structures of two or more alkanes that

have the same molecular formula but different molecular structures.

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different

molecular structuresSTRUCTURAL
are called ISOMERS
 Example: C4H10
CH3
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 –CH3 CH3 – CH –CH3
Butane 2-methylpropane
bp (0◦C)
bp (-10.2◦C)

The physical properties of structural isomers are different.

In general, the more highly branched the hydrocarbon structure,

the lower its boiling point compared with its original structural
isomers.
Assignment: 30 points
Draw all the structural isomers with the molecular formula
C6H14 and name each one.
 Alkenes and Alkynes
Organic compounds containing carbon-carbon double bonds are
called Alkenes.

*Organic compounds that contain double and triple carbon-

carbon bonds are called unsaturated compounds
(Alkanes are saturated compounds because they contain the maximum
number of hydrogens.)
Organic compounds containing carbon-carbon triple bonds are
called Alkynes.
 Why do you think some hydrocarbons are gases and others are
liquids?

The reason why there are hydrocarbons that are gases and
liquids is because of the structure or the size of the molecules of the
compounds.
When the molecules are small, they tend to interact less
among each other. Smaller molecules are usually gases.
And when molecules have bigger structures, they interact more
with each other.
Thus, bigger molecules then tend to settle in liquid state.
 Why do you think there are many hydrocarbon compounds?

The reason for so many hydrocarbon compounds is the

carbon atom. Carbon atoms have four valence electrons. This
atomic structure of the carbon makes it possible to form
many types of bonds with other elements and with other
carbon atoms. The formation of these bonds results in many
different hydrocarbons..
 What are the uses of gaseous hydrocarbon compounds?

Methane gas is the most common hydrocarbon. It is used for

as fuel for cigarette lighters and LPG. It is also mixed with other
fuel for vehicles.

Butane gas is used as fuel, blende with other hydrocarbons to

produce LPG, and is also used as fuel for cigarette lighter. The color
of the flame when butane is used in cigarette lighter is blue.

Ethyne gas or commonly known as acetylene is used

commonly in flame torch that is used in welding or iron, and it is
also used for hastening the ripening of fruits.
 What are the uses of liquid hydrocarbon compounds?

Examples of common liquid hydrocarbons are octane and

pentane.

Octane and pentane are used as components of gasoline.

 ALCOHOLS and their Uses
- another group of organic compounds.

- Used as antiseptics or disinfectant, some are used as cleaning agents,

others are used as components of liquors and a few alcohols are used
as fuels for portable stoves or other types of burners.
 ALCOHOLS and their Uses
Name Molecular Formula
Methanol (methyl alcohol) CH3OH

Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) C2H5OH

Propanol C3H7OH
Butanol C4H9OH
Pentanol C5H11OH
Hexanol C6H13OH
Heptanol C7H15OH
Octanol C8H17OH
 IUPAC Rules in Naming ALCOHOLS
1.The longest continuous chain (LCC) of carbon atoms containing the OH group is taken
as the parent compound—an alkane with the same number of carbon atoms. The chain is
numbered from the end nearest the OH group.

2. The number that indicates the position of the OH group is prefixed to the name of the
parent hydrocarbon, and the -e ending of the parent alkane is replaced by the suffix -
ol. (In cyclic alcohols, the carbon atom bearing the OH group is designated C1, but the 1
is not used in the name.) Substituents are named and numbered as in alkanes.

3. If more than one OH group appears in the same molecule (polyhydroxy alcohols),
suffixes such as -diol and -triol are used. In these cases, the -e ending of the parent
alkane is retained.
 ALCOHOLS and their Uses
Give the IUPAC name for each compound.
 ALCOHOLS and their Uses
Give the IUPAC name for each compound.
Assessment