Fall, 2017

DISCRETE MATHEMATIC
LEC-01:
Statements and Propositions

Instructor: Dr. Hung Ta

 Lecture 1

Propositions
Quantifiers
Quantifiers and Negation
 Propositions

A proposition is a statement
which is either true or false
Examples:
is irrational

FIT was established in Nov. 2006

 Propositions

A proposition is a statement
which is either true or false
Examples (NOT propositions):

Mr. fit often visits F-IT Online. (What is “often?”)

Bill Gates is popular. (What is “popular?”)
 Propositions
Propositions may be joined together
to form more complex statements.

Conjunction
Disjunction
Negation
Implication
 MAT 221

P
R Conjunction
O
P
O P Λ Q (P “and” Q)
S True when both P and Q are True
I
T P Q PΛQ

I True True True

True False False

O
False True False
N
False False False
S
P
R Disjunction
O
P
O P V Q (P “or” Q)
S True when one of P or Q is True
I
T P Q P VQ

I True True True

True False True

O
False True True
N
False False False
S
P
R Negation
O
P
O ¬ P (“not” P)
S True when P is False
I
T
P ¬P
I True False
O False True
N
S
P
R P: 3 is odd
O Q: 4 is odd
P
O R: 5 is even
S
I (tautology)
T
I (contradiction)
O
N
S
P
R Remark
O
A tautology is a proposition that’s always TRUE.
P
O A contradiction is a proposition that’s always FALSE.
S
I
T p p p  p p  p
I T F
T F
O
N F T T F
S
P
R Implication
O
P
O P =>Q (P “implies” Q)
S False only when P is True and Q is False
I
T
Examples:
I
O If you stand in the rain, then you’ll get wet.

N If you got 6.0 in IELTS, you didn’t have to take the

S test again
P
R Implication
O
P
O P =>Q (P “implies” Q)
S False only when P is True and Q is False
I
T P Q P =>Q
I True True True

O True False False

False True True
N
False False True
S
P
R Implication
O
P Q P =>Q
P
True True True
O
True False False
S False True True
I False False True
T
I P=>Q is always true when P is false (vacuously true)
- If pigs can fly, then horses can read
O - If 14 is odd then 1 + 2 = 18
N -If fishes lay eggs on tree, then I will marry you
S
 Faculty of Information Technology MAT 221

P
R Implication
O
P P=>Q
O (1) If P, then Q
S
I
(2) Q if P
T (3) P only if Q
I (4) P is sufficient for Q
O
N
(5) Q is necessary for P
S
P
R Implication
O
P P=>Q is true
O Q=>P is true
S
I
P if and only if Q
T P iff Q
I
Examples:
O
P: “3 is odd”, R: “6 is even”
N
S P if and only if R (logically equivalent)
P
R Implication
O
Contrapositive
P
O ¬ Q => ¬ P
S
I Example:
T If you got 6.0 in IELTS, you didn’t have to take the
test again
I
Contrapositive:
O If you had to take IELTS again, you didn’t get 6.0 in
N IELTS
S
P
R Implication
O
Converse
P
O Q => P
S
I Example:
T If you got 6.0 in IELTS, you didn’t have to take the
test again
I
O Converse:
N If you didn’t have to take the test again, you must
S have got 6.0 in IELTS
P
R Remark
O Contrapositives: p  q and q  p
P  Ex. “If it is noon, then I am hungry.”
O “If I am not hungry, then it is not noon.”
S Converses: p  q and q  p
I  Ex. “If it is noon, then I am hungry.”
T “If I am hungry, then it is noon.”
I Inverses: p  q and p  q
 Ex. “If it is noon, then I am hungry.”
O
“If it is not noon, then I am not hungry.”
N
S
P
R Implication
O
P Converse Contrapositive
P Q ¬P ¬Q P→Q Q→P ¬Q→¬P P↔Q
O T T F F T T T T
S T F F T F T F F
I F T T F T F T F
T F F T T T T T T

I
O The contrapositive of P →Q has the same truth values,
N while the converse does not.
S
P Distributivity: p  (q  r)  (p  q)  (p  r)
R
O
P p q r qr p  (q  r) pq pr (p  q)  (p  r)
O T T T T T T T T
S T T F F T T T T
I T F T F T T T T
T T F F F T T T T
I F T T T T T T T
O F T F F F T F F
N F F T F F F T F
S F F F F F F F F
 Application: Digital Logic Circuits
P
R
O
P
O
S
I
T
I
O
N
S
 Quantifiers

Universal quantifier

(For all)
Example:
 Quantifiers

Existential quantifier

(There exists)
Example:
 Quantifiers and Negation

Example:
 Question and Answer
• This proposition is true or false?
 Question and Answer
• If a is in [5,10], then a is greater than or equal to 5.

• Is 5 in [5,10] ?

• 5 is greater than or equal to 5

• 5 is greater than 5 OR 5 is equal to 5
 Question and Answer
• Construct the truth table for the following
proposition:
 Homework
•Problem set 1