Lecture 44 - Intermolecular Forces,

Liquids II
 In Summary...

ion - ion
ion - dipole stronger
forces
dipole - dipole
H-bond
ion - induced dipole “van der
dipole - induced dipole Waals
forces”
dispersion
 for example...

Which has the higher boiling

temperature?

MgCl2(l) or PCl3(l)
ionic bonds polar covalent
bonds
1412oC 76oC
 for example...

Which has the higher boiling

temperature?

CH3NH2 or CH3F
polar covalent bonds polar covalent bonds
can form H-bonds! no H-bonds
-6oC -78oC
 for example...

Which has the higher boiling

temperature?
CH3OH or CH3CH2OH
polar covalent bonds polar covalent bonds
can form H-bonds! can form H-bonds!
larger, more polarizable
66oC 78oC
Properties of Liquids

Surface Tension
Capillarity
Viscosity
Vapor Pressure
 Surface Tension

interior of liquid surface of liquid

low energy higher energy
 Surface Tension

expanding a surface requires energy

Surface
Tension, J/m2
CH3(CH2)2CH3(l) 0.0184 (dispersion)
H2O(l) 0.0728 (H-bonds)
NaCl(l) 0.100 (ionic bonds)
Hg(l) 0.472 (metallic bonds)
Why Wax Your Car?

Water wets the surface

Water
Paint
Metal
Why Wax Your Car?

Water + Dirt (rolls off)

Wax
Paint
Metal
 Capillarity

O Si
H H O O

strong stronger !
 Capillarity

Air SiO2(s)

Water “wets”
SiO2
H2O(l) H2O(l)
 Capillarity

Si
O O
Hg Hg Hg

strong weaker !
 Capillarity

Air SiO2(s)

Hg does not
wet SiO2
Hg(l) Hg(l)
 Viscosity

Intermolecular
forces
Flow of Liquid hinder flow !
 Viscosity vs. Temperature

Temp., oC Viscosity of
water, N s m-2
20 0.001
40 0.00065
60 0.00047
80 0.00035
 Motor Oil

heat
ordinarily, oil lower viscosity

heat

polymeric viscosity oil molecule

index improver
 Maple Syrup

sugar + sugar + sugar

Heat

… …

… …
Changes of State

States: S, L, G

DH>0, DS>0
vaporization
L condensation G
DH<0, DS<0
 for example,

H2O(l) ŽH2O(g) DHvap = +44.0 kJ/mol

(at 25oC)

Get out of the pool - you feel cool!

H2O(g) ŽH2O(l) DHcond = - 44.0 kJ/mol

(at 25oC)
Vaporization

Liquid phase
Vaporization

energy diff
= DHvap

Liquid phase
 DHvap and Intermolecular Forces

Liquid Dominant DHvap,kJ/mol

Force
CS2 dispersion 27.4
H2O H-bond 44.0
NaCl ionic 787 (=U)
 Vapor Pressure

Temp = T
p at equilibrium,
G
rate of evaporation =
rate of condensation

L p = vapor pressure of
liquid, pvap (at T)
 Vapor Pressure

1 atm

pvap

T Tb
 Vapor Pressure

-DHvap
ln(pvap) = +C
RT
(Clausius-Clapeyron equation)
-DHvap 1
ln(pvap) = +C
R T
y = m x + b
 Vapor Pressure
-DHvap
slope =
R
ln(pvap)

1/T