TCP/IP - History

• 1960s: packet switched data experimentation

• Financial support from Advanced Research Project Agency,

ARPA, an office of the US Department of Defense supported.

• The “embryo” : ARPANET gave rise to the internet

• The research ended up in the TCP/IP protocol suite, IPv4

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 Standardization
ISOC

IAB

IESG IANA IRSG

IETF IRTF
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 What are the Strengths of TCP/IP?
• It’s the defacto standard of the networking world

• Places emphasis on internetworking using a connectionless model

• Robust!--dynamically adjusts routing of packets to accomodate

failures in channels

• Allows construction of very large networks with less central

management
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 What are the Problems with TCP/IP?

• IP packets are based on the datagram model and are not really
suited to real-time traffic

• IP packets are routed indepently via a connectionless model

(out of order delivery is possible-no synchronization)

• Delivery is best-effort only, hence, no support for

Quality of Service (QoS)

• Limited addresses in IPv4 ( 2^32 ~ 4 billion addresses )

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 Connection oriented versus connectionless PS transfer

LCN: Logical Channel Number

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Connectionless

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 Routing - inside versus across ASs
AS - autonomous system

IGP - Interior Gateway Protocol

• RIP - Routing Information Protocol (based on hop count)
• OSPF - Open Shortest Path First (based on delay)

EGP: Exterior Gateway Protocol (not complete list)

• BGP - Border Gateway Protocol (extra rules for routing)
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 IP addressing on the Internet
10.0.0.3
10.0.0.2

Host
12.0.0.4
12.0.0.3

Network 10
16.0.0.3
16.0.0.5

Network 12
Router

Network 16
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 TCP/IP (“IPv4 Suite”) protocols and their interrelationship
Process or
TEL-
application SMTP FTP HTTP DNS SNMP TFTP
protocol NET

Transport-layer TCP UDP RTP

protocol

Network-layer IP, OSPF, ICMP

protocol

ARP, RARP

Ethernet, token ring, X.25, frame relay, SLIP/PPP

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Bearer network
PSTN/ISDN, PLMN, leased lines, ATM

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 Comparison between the OSI model and TCP/IP
Note that IP portions from both the network and data-link layers.

OSI TCP/IP
Application
Process
Presentation

Session
Host-to-host
Transport

Network Internet
Data link
Network access
Physical and hardware
(bearer networks)
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 An “Internet connection”
Since the Internet is connectionless, the communication path may
change from one packet to another.
Internet

User User
Routers
Appl Appl
TCP/ TCP/
UDP UDP
IP IP IP IP

Link Link Link Link Link Link

PHY PHY PHY PHY PHY PHY

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 The network-access and hardware layer is
responsible for the transport of data over LANs,
metropolitan networks (MANs) and WANs

Host Host
Computer Computer

Network Network

Router Router Router

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 The network layer is responsible for the routing of
data

IP IP IP IP

Host Host

Network Network

Router Router Router

Understand each other

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 IP header (IPv4) with user data
1 8 16 24 32
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Version IHL Service type Total length
Identification Flags Fragment offset
Time-to-live Protocol Header checksum
Source address
Destination address
Options Padding
User data (fragment)
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 Network stratification
LAN/MAN/WAN
“layer”

X.25 “layer”

ATM “layer”
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SDH/Physical
“layer”

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 Different ways of interconnecting LANs

X.25

Frame
Relay
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 Example of Internetworking
Connectionless
IP packets

User User
Router and/or switch
Appl depending on active Appl
transfer mode(s)

TCP TCP
Router Router

IP IP IP IP

Token X.25 X.25 Ether-

Token FR FR Ether-
ring ring * * net net
ATM ATM

Wide area
LAN backbone LAN
Leased network
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line
* Connection-oriented
base-layer stratum

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 Transport in a stratified network

Network A Network B

7 7
user 6 6 user
5 5
4 4
3 address A address B 3

network 2 error check error check 2 network

1 infrastr. A infrastr. B 1
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 IP over ATM
What:
• IP transport across ATM network
Why:
• IP on multi-service network
• IP over ATM enables the use of low cost equipment
which provides very high speed forwarding
• ATM layer advantages for IP network
– bandwidth granularity
– traffic engineering
– quality of service platform
Who:
• Multi-service operator offering IP connectivity
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• ISP wanting to take advantage of ATM layer

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 Solutions for IP on ATM

IP on ATM PVC
– Well working, requires management
to set up connections

MPLS
– Scales and simplifies management
Migration to QoS using Diff. Services

LANE, Classical IP, MPOA, CSI, ...

– Scalability problems in large networks
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 IP based Transport
The basic components needed for CS Services via IP connectivity:

• MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching)

for traffic engineering

• DiffServ (Differentiated Services) for QoS

• SCTP (Simple Common Transport Protocol)

also known as:
SIGTRAN (Signalling Transport)
for signalling transport
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 Basic MPLS Terminology

• LSP: Label Switched Path

• LSR: Label Switching Router
• LER: Label Edge Router
• LDP: Label Distribution Protocol
The protocol used to agree on the labels used
between the LSR/LER along the LSP.
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 IP based transport network using MPLS
MSC BICC over IP GMSC
Server Server

H.248 H.248

MGW MGW
RBS
RNC
RBS LSR Codec ISDN,
PSTN
LSR LSR
RNC LER LSR LER

AAL2 - IP “Virtual” UMTS backbone network is

Interworking unit defined by MPLS LSPs with specified
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bandwidth

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 Differentiated Services - The basic Idea

Best Effort

best effort

DiffServ assured

premium

“A set of buffer management and packet scheduling mechanisms in each

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router to enable per-hop service differentiation between traffic classes.”

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 Multi Protocol Label Switching
Traditional IP routing

IP IP IP IP IP
MPLS = Multi Protocol Label Switching

ATM ATM ATM ATM ATM

MPLS LSR = Label Switch Router

LER LSR LSR LSR LER • Multi-services
• High availability

IP IP IP IP IP

LER = Label Edge Router

• Packet classification
• Individual user services
ATM ATM ATM ATM ATM
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 IP based transport network using MPLS
• MPLS and associated signalling used for dynamic
resource reservation for delay sensitive traffic
Speech

RSVP/
LDP
MGW LSP MGW
LSR
LER LER PSTN/ISDN
LSR LSR

UTRAN LSR RSVP/

LDP Internet
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Intranets

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 IP based transport network using MPLS
• MPLS may also be used for
• protection switching
• traffic engineering
• basic security

MGW LSP MGW

LSR
LER LER PSTN/ISDN
LSR LSR

UTRAN LSR
Internet
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Intranets
LSR

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