PDH & SDH

PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

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 Pulse Code Modulation, PCM
125 us

t
fvoice < 3400 Hz
fsample = 8000 Hz
tsample = 125 us
t

10001001 00010100
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8 bits at 8000 Hz 8 x 8000 = 64 kbit/s

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 E1 Primary Multiplexing (except US and Japan)
TS 0 1 31
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

125 us

32 Time Slots: 30 voice, 1 synch, 1 signaling

-> 32 x 64 kbit/s = 2048 kbit/s = 2 Mbit/s

32 x 8 bits
= 2048 kbit/s = 2 Mbit/s
125 us
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 Using installed equipment for old and new applications

Fractional E1: part of the E1 (Nx64kb/s) is dedicated

for a service.

Channelized E1: Several services share the bandwidth on

a timeslot basis (Nx64kb/s + Mx64kb/s)
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 PDH - Multiplexing Structure
Primary Multiplexing Higher Order Multiplexing

Level 4

4x140
Level 3

4x34
Level 2

4x8
Level 1
565
4x2
140 139’264 kBit/s
Subscribers

34 34’368 kBit/s

8 8’448 kBit/s
Bit interleaved multiplexing
2’048 kBit/s
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 Three plesiochronous digital hierarchies
Level Europe North America Japan

4 139,264kbit/s 139,264 kbit/s 97,728 kbit /s

x4 x3 x3
3 34,368kbit/s 44,736 kbit/s 32,064 kbit/s

x4 x7 x5
2 8,448kbit/s 6,312 kbit/s

x4 x4
1 2,048kbit/s 1,544 kbit/s
... ...
x 32 x 24
0 64 kbit/s 64 kbit/s
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 PDH Problem Areas

• No worldwide standard
• Inflexible and expensive because of
asynchronous bit-interleaved multiplexing
• Complicated high capacity growth
• Limited network management and
maintenance support capabilities
• Sensitive to network failure
• Difficulty in verifying network status
• Increased cost for O&M
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 PDH history: Manual provisioning
Sales Order

DDF

DDF
DDF

Planning

DDF

DDF

Work Order
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 Worldwide standard 1989:
SDH - synchronous digital hierarchy
(USA: SONET - synchronous optical network)

STM-1 155 Mb/s (optical and electrical i/f)

STM-4 622 Mb/s (only optical)
STM-16 2.5 Gb/s (only optical)
STM-64 10 Gb/s (only optical)
STM-256 40 Gbit/s (only optical)

STM: synchronous transport module

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 General transport module, STM-N
N · 270 columns

N·9 N · 261

1
RSOH
3
AU pointer
9 rows 5 Payload

MSOH

9
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SOH: Section Overhead MSOH: Multiplexer Section Overhead

AU: Administration Unit
RSOH: Repeater Section Overhead

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 Mapping of PDH Signals

x 63
2 Mbit/s 155 Mbit/s STM-1
x3

(8 Mbit/s) x1
622 Mbit/s STM-4
34 Mbit/s x4

x 16
139 Mbit/s 2,5 Gbit/s STM-16
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 Four steps Containers, C

Justification bits

1. Accessing the SDH Network

The PDH signals will be

loaded into container. The
= Container number of the container
corresponds to the signal level.
PDH
Stream
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 Four steps Virtual Containers, VC

Path Overhead

2. Creating of Logical and

Physical connections by
adding Overhead

The Overhead is
= Virtual provided for communication
Container between the point of assembly
of VC/STM-n and its point of
disassembly.
Container
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 Four steps Tributary/Administrative Units, TU/AU

3. Pointer format

Pointer 1. Pointer aligns the

incoming VC’s inside SDH Network
and makes it possible to handle
Alignment asynchronization within SDH
Network.
Virtual
Container
2. Pointer assists in the
finding of the VC’s. It provides the
visibility of lower order signals in the
higher order signal.
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 SDH Multiplexing Structure
Four steps
VC-4 C-4 140 Mbit/s

TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-3 34 Mbit/s

x3 x1

TUG-2 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2 Mbit/s

x7 x3

4. Multiplexing
AU-4 AUG STM-N
Byte Interleaved Multiplexing to increase
x1 xN the capacity
C: Container
VC: Virtual Container
= OH Processing = Multiplexing TU: Tributary Unit
= Aligning TUG: Tributary Unit Group
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= Pointer Processing AU: Administrative Unit

= Mapping AUG: Administrative Unit Group

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 The VC-4 has a flexible position in STM-1

VC-4 no. 0
STM-1
no. 1

VC-4 no. 1

STM-1
no. 2
VC-4 no. 2
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 Configurations

S/XMUX S/XMUX

TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER ADD/DROP MULTIPLEXER

XMUX S/XMUX
ONLY
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8-PORT CROSS CONNECTOR DOUBLE REGENERATOR

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 Network Configurations

CHAIN CONFIGURATION
POINT TO POINT CONFIGURATION

RING CONFIGURATION DOUBLE RING CONFIGURATION

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STAR CONFIGURATION

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 Layered Networks SWEDEN
STM-16 STM-16 STM-16

STM-16
STM-16 STM-16

STM-4 STM-4 STOCKHOLM

STM-4
STM-4 STM-4

STM-1
STM-1 KISTA
STM-1
STM-1
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 Manage the scene from the screen
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 The Network Levels
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 SDH Advantages
• Worldwide standard
• Cost efficient and flexible networking by layered structure
• Advanced network management and maintenance capabilities
• Simplified byte-interleaved multiplexing and demultiplexing
• Low rate tributaries visible within the high speed signal
• Ability to transport existing digital hierarchies and future signals
• Fault isolation, protection and performance management
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