INFORMATION

SYSTEMS
B S I T 3 RD S E M E S T E R
C O U R S E C O D E : I N F T- 2 1 0 1
MS. MADIHA REHMAN
USER SATISFACTION & TECHNOLOGY
ACCEPTANCE
• User satisfaction with a computer system and the information it generates often depend on the
quality of the system and the information.
• A quality information system is usually flexible, efficient, accessible, and timely.
• Recall that quality information is accurate, reliable, current, complete, and delivered in the proper
format.

• The technology acceptance model (TAM) specifies the factors that can lead to better
attitudes about the information system, like:
– higher acceptance and usage of the system in an organization.
– perceived usefulness of the technology
– ease of its use,
– the quality of the information system, and
– the degree to which the organization supports its use
TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION & INFUSION
Technology diffusion is a measure of how widely technology is spread throughout an
organization.
• An organization in which computers and information systems are located in most
departments and areas has a high level of technology diffusion.
Technology infusion, on the other hand, is the extent to which technology permeates an area
or department.
• In other words, it is a measure of how deeply embedded technology is in an area of the
organization.
• Diffusion and infusion often depend on
– the technology available now and in the future,
– the size and type of the organization, and
– the environmental factors that include the competition, government regulations, suppliers, and so on.
• This is often called the technology, organization, and environment (TOE) framework.
QUALITY
• The definition of the term quality has evolved over the years.
• In the early years of quality control, firms were concerned with meeting design specifications—
that is, conforming to standards.
• If a product performed as designed, it was considered a high-quality product.

• Today, quality means the ability of a product (including services) to meet or exceed customer
expectations.
• This view of quality is completely customer oriented.
• A high-quality product satisfies customers by functioning correctly and reliably, meeting needs
and expectations, and being delivered on time with courtesy and respect.
TECHNIQUES TO ENSURE QUALITY
• Total Quality Management (TQM) : Involves developing a keen awareness of customer needs,
adopting a strategic vision for quality, empowering employees and rewarding employees and
managers for producing high quality products.

• Six Sigma: Six Sigma is a method that provides organizations tools to improve the capability of
their business processes. This increase in performance and decrease in process variation lead
to defect reduction and improvement in profits, employee morale, and quality of products or
services.
OUTSOURCING
• OutSourcing: It involves contracting with outside professional services to meet specific
business needs. Companies usually outsource business processes like:
– Recruiting & hiring employees
– Developing advertising materials
– Promoting product sales
– Setting up global telecommunications networks

• Drawbacks of Outsourcing
– Loss of control and flexibility
– Overlooked opportunities to strengthen core competency
– Low employee morale
ON-DEMAND COMPUTING
• On-Demand Computing is an extension of the out sourcing approach.
• On-Demand computing also called on-demand business and utility computing involves rapidly
responding to the organizations flow of work as the need for computer resources varies.

• On-Demand computing also known as Utility Computing because the organization pays for
computing resources from a computer or consulting company.
– In simple words, instead of purchasing hardware, software and database systems the organization
only pays a fee for the systems it needs at peak times.
• This approach saves money because the organization doesn't pay for the systems it doesn't
need on routine basis.
DOWNSIZING
• Downsizing involves reducing the number of employees to cut costs.
• The term Rightsizing is also used.
• Downsizing clearly reduces the total payroll costs, though employee morale can suffer.
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
• “Competitive advantage is a significant and ideally long term benefit to a company over its
competition.” It can result in
– higher quality products
– Better customer service
– Lower costs.

• Competitive advantages are conditions that allow a company or country to produce a good or
service of equal value at a lower price or in a more desirable fashion.
• Competitive advantage can be
– Comparative Advantage
– Differential Advantage
FACTORS THAT CAN LEAD TO
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
• Michael Porter suggested a widely accepted competitive forces model caked, Five Forces
model.The five forces include
– Rivalry Among Existing Competitors
– Threat of New Entrants
– Threat of Substitute Products and Services
– Bargaining Power of Customers and Suppliers
STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
• Cost Leadership: Deliver the lowest possible cost for products and services.
• Differentiation: Deliver different products and services. This strategy involves producing a
variety of products, giving customers more choices.
• Niche Strategy: Deliver to only a small . Niche market. For example, Porche, Rolex
• Altering the industry Structure
• Creating new Products and services
• Improving existing product lines and services
• Be the first to market
• Hire the best people