A Proxy Model to Predict

Waterflood Performance in
Channeling Deltaic Sand
Reservoir
Fransiskus Ondihon Sitompul
12215007
OUTLINE

 Background info
 Problem Statement & Objective of the Study
 Introduction of Proxy Model
 Introduction of Deltaic-Channel Sand Sedimentation Reservoir
 Methodology and Project Result
 Real-field Case Study
 Conclusion
 Future Work
Background Information
Background Information

 Waterflooding is an improved oil recovery method used to maintain or increase

reservoir energy (pressure) and sweep the oil towards production wells (G. Paul
White, Waterflooding, 1986).
 Waterflooding is the most used secondary recovery method due to its proven
easiest, succes ratio, and cost efficiency (Gozel, 2015).
 Reservoir simulation is a numeric method simulation aims to predict waterflooding
performance (Zubarev, 2009)
 Proxy modelling is a computationally cheap alternative to full numeric simulation
in asisted history matching, production optimization, and forecasting (Zubarev,
2009)
Problem Statement
&
Objective of Study
Problem Statement

Is it possible and reliable to predict waterflood preformance by using

proxy model? Especially in Deltaic-Channel Bedded Sand
Sedimentation Reservoir?
 The objective of this study is to build a proxy model as
an easiest, fastest, cheapest and reliable tool to predict
waterflood performance in Channeling Deltaic Sand
Reservoir
Introduction of Proxy Model
 Year Author Topic

Proxy Model
1993 Al-Kaabi et al. ANN model to Identifiy well interpretation model

Proxy model to predict formation perm by using

1995 Arefi, R et al.
ANN
1996 Mohaghegh et al. SRM to optimize well production rate

Predicting formation damage during fluid

1996 Nikravesh,M et al. injection in fractured low-perm reservoir using neural
network.
Proxy model is a mathematically or 1996 Mohaghegh et al. ANN model to characterize reservoir
statistically defined function that Predicting the performance of CO2 sequestration
2005 Gorucu et al.
replicates the simulation model output for process for enhanced coalbed methane

selected input parameters. Type of proxy 2006 Zangl et al. Production optimization using proxy model

model : PTA to predict unknown properties of a double-

2007 Alajmi et al. porosity reservoir system (matrix perm, por, fract)
using trained neural network
 Polynomial Regression Model Proxy Model in 2D reservoir to predict field
2009 Chen et al.
pressure
 Multivariate Krigging Model 2009 Cardoso, MA et al.
Develop reduced-order modelling into reservoir
simulation

 Thin-plate Splines Model 2009 Yang et al.

Modelling reservoir development using full physics
and proxy simulation

 Artificial Neural Network 2014 Shahkarami et al.

Develop an assisted HM technique for a
syntthetic oil field

Develop a data driven model for fractured shale

2018 Klie and Florez
reservoir for modelling pressure field

Develop model to perform flash calculation for

2019 Shihao wang et al.
Proxy Model Application in Petroleum Industry compositional simulation in unconventional reservoir
Polynomial Regression
Model

 Known as response surface models as

it calculate all parameters in one
time. Advantages :
 Easie to applicate, simpel
 Fit with wide range of curvature
 Fit with broad range of function
Diadv:
Polynomial Regression Example
 Too sensitivite with the outliers,
espesially for nonlinear analysis.
Multivariate Krigging Model

 Predict the value of function at given

point by computing a weighted avg
of the known values of the function in
neighborhood of the point.
Advantages :
 Run fastest than other model
Diadv:
 Takes time to build
 Depends on CPU
Multivarite Krigging Model
Thin-plate Splines Model

 Interpolation for arbitrary spaced

data. Advantages :
 Smooth splines model
 3-D model
Diadv:
 Hard to interpret

Thin-plate Splines Model

Artificial Neural Network
(ANN)

 ANN consist of base elements - node

analogous with neurons in biological
system. Advantages :
 Best approximation
 Can be used to model complex
relationships between inputs and
outputs.
Diadv:
 Used to be overfitting
Artificial Neural Network
 Depends on number of hidden layer
 Quite complex to construct
Introduction of Waterflooding
 Waterflooding is injection process of
Waterflooding water in order to maintain or increase
reservoir pressure.
Has been recognized since 1880.
First fieldwide application was 1930s.
Advantages :
 General availability of water
 Low cost
 Ease of injecting water

Waterflooding Scheme (Advanced CERT Canada)

 Commonly divided into 4 phase, there are
:
Waterflooding Progression
 Time 1 : Initial phase, well produce oil
 Time 2 : Part of initial phase, injected
water reach reservoir boundary but not
producing well.
 Time 3 : Mid-life of Waterflood, injected
water allready reach producing
wellbore, water begin to produce
 Time 4 : Late of Waterflood, water are
produced extremely high, meanwhile
oil rate decreased.

Waterflooding progression (William M Cobb))

Introduction of Deltaic-Channel Sand
Sedimentation Reservoir
 Deltaic Sand
Sedimentation

 Delta is a fluvial sedimentation that enter

steady-state flow (Boggs,1987).
 Delta forms from sedimentation of sand
material of the river. The change of flow
direction between river and sea makes
this may happen.
 It could makes 3 kinds of facies, i.e :
channel sand, bar sand and blocky
sand.

Delta Sedimentation Example

 Deltaic Sand
Sedimentation

 Channel sand define by the decreasing

porosity and permeability number from
bottom to top layer of reservoir.
 Bar sand define by the increasing
porosity and permeability number from
bottom to top layer of reservoir.
 Blocky sand define by the same number
of porosity and permeability number
over all layer of reservoir.

Channel dan Bar Sand

 Channel Deltaic
Sedimentation

 Channel sand define by the decreasing

porosity and permeability number from
bottom to top layer of reservoir.
 Grain Size are fining upward named
Retrograding Deltas.
 A decrease in deposition energy.
 Tidal point bar, deep tidal channel-fill,
tidal flat, transgressive shelf.
Methodology
 Worklflow

Proxy Model Worklfow Proxy Model Test Worklfow

CMOST is CMG software that works in CMOST-CMG
conjunction with CMG reservoir simulators
to perform several task, there are :
 Sensitivity Analisis, aiming to identify
important parameters.
 History Matching, aiming to calibrate
simulation model with field data and to
obtain multiple history-matched models.
 Optimization aiming to improve
production, NPV and reduce cost.
 Uncertainty Analysis, to reduce risk.

CMOST worklfow
 CMOST can construct a proxy model,
Proxy Model using

especially in Polynomial Regression
Model.
 Base model is parametrized and turn CMOST
into many simulation models.
 From simulation models, CMOST define a
solution model in order to reservoir
simulation. This may up to several
objective function with each R-square
number.
 Each objective function are different
according to type proxy model
choosen.

Proxy Model using CMOST

  Base Models are cartesian grid model
with I=13, J=13, K= 5 and normal 5 spot
Base Model waterflood pattern.
 Depth = 7500 ft, thickness per layer =
3ft, GOC = 7000 ft, WOC = 9500 ft, sw
inital = 0.2, fluid type Black Oil with
API 59, Area = 1150256 ft2,
 Relative permeability curve construct
from SPE Solution Project Model 1. PVT
type creat from SPE Solution Project
Model 1.
 BHP prod well = 250 psia (min), injection
well = 5250 psia (max).
 Water Inj. Rate = 10,000 STB/d (max),
Liquid Prod Rate = 2500 STB/d (max)
with constraint max 99% watercut.
 Simulation time is 15 years starting from
2020.
Base Model
 Sw Krw Krow
(fraksi) (fraksi) (fraksi)
Depth Base Model
Lateral Vertical (ft) Porosity
0.2 0 1
Porositas Permeability( Permeabilty 0.0002 0.8239
(fraksi) mD) (mD) 0.2375 44 75
7500 0.1996
0.1996 200 75 0.0019 0.6699 7503 0.2037
0.275 53 22
0.2037 244 97
0.0065 0.5363 7506 0.2071
0.2071 288 119 0.3125 92 77 7509 0.2085
0.2085 308 129 0.0156 0.4218
0.35 25 75 7512 0.2126
0.2126 377 166 0.0309 0.3249
0.216 445 204 0.3875 76 9
7515 0.216
0.2174 476 223 0.0527 0.2441
0.425 34 41 Base Model Porosity table
0.2215 582 286 0.0837 0.1779
0.2249 687 352 0.4625 4 79
0.2264 736 383 0.5 0.125 0.125
0.1779 0.0837
0.2304 898 492 0.5375 79 4
0.2338 1060 805 0.2441 0.0527
0.575 41 34
0.2353 1138 661
0.3249 0.0309
Grafik permeabilitas relatif air dan minyak terhadap saturasi air 0.2393 1385 845 0.6125 9 76
0.2427 1632 1037 0.4218 0.0156
0.65 75 25
0.2442 1758 1138
0.5363 0.0065
0.2481 2126 1444 0.6875 77 92
0.6699 0.0019
Relative Perm Curve table
0.2514 2494 1762
0.725 22 53 from SPE Solution
Por vs PermXY vs PermZ 0.2531 2716 1961 0.8239 0.0002
Project Model 1
0.2567 3230 2435 0.7625 75 44
3500 0.8 1 0
y= 0.0119e48.742x Perm XY Por vs Perm Correlation table
3000 R² = 1 from Eko Sumber paper P Rs Bo Eg Visc.oil Visc.gas
2500
Perm (mD)

Perm Z 14.7 1 1.062 5.99999 1.04 0.008

2000 264.7 90.5 1.15 82.7 0.975 0.0096
1500 514.7 180 1.207 159 0.91 0.0112
y = 0.0004e61.157x 1014.7 371 1.295 313 0.83 0.014
1000 R² = 0.9964 2014.7 636 1.435 620.001 0.695 0.0189
500 2514 775 1.5 773.001 0.641 0.0208
3014.7 930 1.565 926.003 0.594 0.0228
0 4014.7 1270 1.695 1233 0.51 0.0268
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 PVT table from 5014.7 1600 1.827 1541 0.449 0.0309
Por SPE Solution Porject Model 1 9014.7 2984 2.357 2591 0.203 0.047

Parametrization
Parameters in simulation model are
variables that will adjusted to vary to
creat new datasets. Ex : thickness
reservoir, area, porosity, etc.
Parametrization is done in
masterdataset syntax in CMM file.
In this study, reservoir characteristics that
parametrized are:
 Oil density, vary between 30 lbm/cuft
to 62.3 lbm/cuft.
 Porosity and permability, vary with 17
type datasets.
 Area vary between 6806.25 to
1847580 ft-square.
 Reservoir thicknes vary between 15 to
100 ft.
 Depth of reservoir vary between 1000
to 10000 ft.
 Injection rate vary between 100 to
12500 STB/D
 Production rate vary between 100 to
3000 STB/D
Parametrization
Parameter Explanation Unit Min Max

Oildens Oil density (lbm/cu-ft) 30 62.3

 Sw vary between 0.05 to 0.2 Channel_type

Dataset of Porosity
set 0 17
and Permeability

 Viscosity Water Index vary between Area Area ft square 6806.35 1847580
H_layer Thickness ft 15 100
0.2325 to 0.3875 REFDEPTH Depth ft 1000 10000
STW Injection Rate STB/D 100 12500
 BHP production well vary between 50 STL Production Rate STB/D 100 3000

to 250 psia. BHP_prod Production Well BHP psia 50 250

BHP_injection Injection Well BHP psia 0.7*Depth

 BHP injection well formulazed with 0.7
REFPRESS Pressure psia 0.433*Depth
multiply depth. SW Water Saturation fraction 0.05 0.25

 Refence pressure formulazed with VWI Viscosity Water Index cP 0.2325 0.3875

0.433 multiply depth. Parameterization and Range

 Datase Variasi Karakteristik Deltaic Channel Reservoir
Poro y = 28.958x - 1.6795 Case 1
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26
Case 2
1 y = 42.945x - 4.0575 Case 3
y = 32.484x - 2.2791 Case 4
1.5 y = 51.188x - 5.4586 Case 5
Case 6
y = 63.345x - 7.5253 Case 7
2 y = 83.075x - 10.879 Case 8
y = 120.66x - 17.268 Case 9
Case 10
y = 220.33x - 34.213 Case 11
2.5
y = 1266.9x - 212.13 Case 12
Case 13 Dataset of Channel type Reservoir Characteristics
Layer

y = 30.62x - 1.9621 Case14

3
y y= =34.591x
39.746x- 2.6372
- 3.5135 Case 15
Case 16
3.5 y = 46.706x - 4.6967 Case 17
Linear (Case 1)
y = 56.621x - 6.3823 Linear (Case 2)
4 y = 71.88x - 8.9764 Linear (Case 3)
y = 98.399x - 13.485 Linear (Case 4)
Linear (Case 4)
y = 155.93x - 23.264
4.5

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8

Layer Por PermZ Por PermXY Por PermXY PermZ Por PermXY PermZ Por PermXY PermZ Por PermXY PermZ Por PermXY PermZ Por PermXY PermZ
1 0.1 0.18116519 0.1076 2.255614 0.1228 4.731777 0.730544 0.1304 6.853366 1.162795 0.138 9.926214 1.850804 0.1456 14.37684 2.945897 0.1532 20.82299 4.688939 0.1608 30.1594 7.463314
2 0.128 1.004058201 0.13256 7.614259 0.14168 11.87636 2.317937 0.14624 14.83239 3.063487 0.1508 18.52418 4.048837 0.15536 23.13485 5.351118 0.15992 28.89313 7.072269 0.16448 36.08464 9.347018
3 0.156 5.564716217 0.15752 25.70339 0.16056 29.80865 7.35457 0.16208 32.10098 8.071025 0.1636 34.56959 8.857275 0.16512 37.22804 9.720119 0.16664 40.09093 10.66702 0.16816 43.17397 11.70616
4 0.184 30.84090796 0.18248 86.76673 0.17944 74.81718 23.33527 0.17792 69.4745 21.26383 0.1764 64.51333 19.37626 0.17488 59.90644 17.65626 0.17336 55.62853 16.08893 0.17184 51.65611 14.66074
5 0.24 947.3171996 0.2324 988.7326 0.2172 471.3239 234.9222 0.2096 325.4166 147.5934 0.202 224.6777 92.72777 0.1944 155.1245 58.25761 0.1868 107.1028 36.60122 0.1792 73.94707 22.99527
Delta X 0.028 189.4272069 0.02496 197.2954 0.01888 93.31842 46.83833 0.01584 63.71265 29.28612 0.0128 42.95031 18.17539 0.00976 28.14953 11.06234 0.00672 0.016512 6.382456 0.00368 0.014238 3.10639
gradien 28.958 42.945 32.484 51.188 63.345 83.075 120.66 220.33

Case 10 Case 11 Case 12 Case 13 Case 14 Case 15 Case 16 Case 17

Layer Por PermZ Por PermXY PermZ Por PermXY PermZ Por PermXY PermZ Por PermXY PermZ Por PermXY PermZ Por PermXY PermZ Por PermXY PermZ Por PermXY PermZ
1 0.1684 11.87924535 0.1038 1.874239 0.228562 0.1114 2.714593 0.363798 0.119 3.931736 0.579052 0.1266 5.694611 0.921668 0.1342 8.247907 1.467006 0.1418 11.94603 2.335011 0.1494 17.30227 3.716602 0.157 25.0601 5.91566
2 0.16904 12.35342397 0.13028 6.813397 1.154293 0.13484 8.509255 1.525564 0.1394 10.62721 2.016251 0.14396 13.27233 2.664765 0.14852 16.57582 3.521868 0.15308 20.70155 4.654654 0.15764 25.85417 6.151792 0.1622 32.28929 8.130475
3 0.16968 12.84653017 0.15676 24.76866 5.829465 0.15828 26.6734 6.397351 0.1598 28.72462 7.020557 0.16132 30.93359 7.704474 0.16284 33.31242 8.455016 0.16436 35.8742 9.278673 0.16588 38.63297 10.18257 0.1674 41.6039 11.17452
4 0.17032 13.35931947 0.18324 90.04119 29.44025 0.18172 83.61136 26.82687 0.1802 77.64068 24.44548 0.17868 72.09637 22.27549 0.17716 66.94798 20.29812 0.17564 62.16723 18.49628 0.17412 57.72788 16.85438 0.1726 53.60553 15.35824
5 0.1716 14.44712148 0.2362 1189.923 750.8736 0.2286 821.5595 471.7476 0.221 567.2301 296.3825 0.2134 391.6333 186.2068 0.2058 270.3958 116.9872 0.1982 186.6896 73.49897 0.1906 128.8963 46.17683 0.183 88.99402 29.01129
Delta X 0.00064 0.513575226 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0119 0.0004
gradien 1266.9 30.62 34.591 39.742 46.706 56.621 71.88 98.399 155.93
Sensitivity Analysis  Sensitivity analysis goal is to rank parameters
effect to such an objective function.
 Respon Surface Methodology is method
that used at this study. This method account
the response of all parameters with
Polynomial equation then analyzed it.
 This response is the proxy model that we
seek for fast estimation of the reservoir
simulation.
 Sobol analysis resulting area, reservoir
thicknes, production rate, depth, and
deltaic type are main parameters that
effect cumulative oil production
(approximately 90% in total). Followed by
injection rate, BHP production well, Vicosity
water index, oil density, and water
Rank of parameter effect to Cumulative Oil Production
saturation.
Response Result :
Linear type Polynomial
Regression Model

 This model gives a bad prediction,

indicate from the low R-square 74.64 %.
 From the plot, we see that so many
outliers point.
R-Square 0.746437
 Points that fall in to 45 degree line is not R-Square Adjusted 0.745710

so many as outliers. R-Square Prediction 0.744303

Mean of Response 424014

 Conclusion : Linear type Polynomial Standard Error 157644

Regression Model is not qualified.

Linear type Polynomial Regression Proxy Model Verification
Response Result :
Simple Quadratic type
Polynomial Regression Model

 This model gives quite improvement in

prediction, but still with the low R-
square 76.3862 %.
 From the plot, we see that so many
outliers point. R-Square 0.763862

 Points that fall in to 45 degree line is not R-Square Adjusted 0.762777

so many as outliers. R-Square Prediction 0.760750

Mean of Response 424014

 Conclusion : Simple Quadratic type Standard Error 152262
Polynomial Regression Model is not
qualified.
Simple Quadratic type Polynomial Regression Proxy Model Verification
Response Result :
Reduced Quadratic type
Polynomial Regression Model

 This model gives good prediction, with R-

square 85.34%.
 From the plot, we see that several outliers
point. 45 degree line looks thick indicate
many points fall in.
 Although there are a few points that fall far R-Square 0.853412
away from 45 degree line, proxy model still R-Square Adjusted 0.851029
fit because of the number points fall in 45 R-Square Prediction 0.847366
degree line are many. Mean of Response 424014

 Conclusion : Reduced Quadratic type Standard Error 120660

Polynomial Regression Model is qualified

and choosen to use nextly in this study as Reduced Quadratic type Polynomial Regression Proxy Model Verification
our Proxy Model.
Sensitivity Analysis of Proxy Model Input
Parameter

The purpose is to validate our choosen proxy model with petroleum

engineering sense. Proxy model is used to predict performance of the
parameters that state before.
 Bottom hole pressure of production well Production Well BHP
is just like a resistor reservoir fluid to flow.
 At the constant condition of other
parameters, if BHP pressure of
production well is high, then the
production rate will low. Vice versa.
 Proxy model use to predict cumulative BHP prod(psia) Np oil (STB)

oil production with different prod. well

BHP.
50 740119.34

 The result is match, increasing BHP 100 728947.52

pressure from 50 to 250 psia gives a 150 717775.71
decreasing cumulative oil production
200 706603.89
number.
250 695432.07

Production Well BHP Sensitivity

 According to parametrization, area of Area of Waterflooding
reservoir range between 6806.25 to
1847580 ft-square.
 At the constant condition of other
parameters, if area of reservoir wide, oil
reserve high then the cumulative oil Area(ft^2) Cum_Oil_Prod_Proxy (STB)
production will higher. Vice versa.
 Proxy model use to predict cumulative
oil production with minimum and 6806.25 27299.8496

maximum number area of waterflooding

in range. 1847580 894706.9764

 The result is match, increasing area from

6806.25 to 1847580 ft-square gives a
significant increasing cumulative oil Sensitivity of Area

production number.
 According to parametrization, reservoir Reservoir Thickness
thickness range between 15 to 100 ft-
square.
 At the constant condition of other
parameters, thicker reservoir thickness,
higher oil reserve then the cumulative oil H(ft) Cum_Oil_Prod_Proxy (STB)

production will higher. Vice versa.

 Proxy model use to predict cumulative 15 258351.9949

oil production with different number

area of waterflooding, comparison 100 1318943.631

between minimum and maximum

number of reservoir thickness.
 The result is match, the thickest reservoir
thickness 100 ft gives higher cumulative Sensitivity of Reservoir thickness

oil production than thickness 15 ft.

 According to parametrization, oil density Oil Density
range between 30 to 62.3 lbm/cu-ft.
 At the constant condition of other
parameters, lighter oil density , easiest oil
to be produced then the cumulative oil
production will higher. Vice versa. Oildens (lbm/cuft) Cum_Oil_Prod_Proxy (STB)

 Proxy model use to predict cumulative

oil production with different number oil 30 915490.9994

density. 62.3 901374.6736

 The result is match, lighter oil density 30

lbm/cu-ft gives higher number of Sensitivity of Oil Density
cumulative oil production number.
 According to parametrization, depth of Reservoir Depth
reservoir range between 1000 to 10000
ft.
 At the constant condition of other
parameters, more deeper reservoir,
more difficult oil to be produced then
REFDEPTH (ft) Cum_Oil_Prod_Proxy (STB)
the cumulative oil production will lower.
Vice versa.
1000 953976.0099
 Proxy model use to predict cumulative
oil production with different number
10000 824240.6598
depth of reservoir.
 The result is match, deeper reservoir Sensitivity of Depth
10000 ft gives lower cumulative oil
production number significantly.
 According to parametrization water Water Injection Rate
injection rate range between 100 to
12500 STB/D.
 At the constant condition of other
parameters, if rate of injection higher,
many oil volume will swipe then the
cumulative oil production will higher. Injection Rate
(STB/D)
Cum_Oil_Prod_Proxy (STB)

Vice versa.
 Proxy model use to predict cumulative 100 842855.1553

oil production with different number

injection rate. 12500 900468.2899

 The result is match, higher rate of

injection 12500 STB/D gives a significant
higher cumulative oil production Sensitivity of Injection Rate

number.
 According to parametrization, liquid Liquid Production Rate
production rate range between 100
STB/D to 3000 STB/D.
 At the constant condition of other
parameters, if rate of production high,
then the cumulative oil production will Production Rate
Cum_Oil_Prod_Proxy (STB)
high. Vice versa. (STB/D)

 Proxy model use to predict cumulative

oil production with different number of 100 612930.1212

production rate.
3000 918176.4283
 The result is match,higher number of
production rate 3000 STB/D gives a Sensitivity of Production Rate
significant higher cumulative oil
production number.
 According to parametrization, water Water Saturation
saturation range between 0.5 to 0.25.
 At the constant condition of other
parameters, if water saturation lower, oil
saturation will be higher, then the
volume of oil to be produced is higher SW (fraksi) Cum_Oil_Prod_Proxy (STB)

then the cumulative oil production will

higher. Vice versa.
0.05 900468.3
 Proxy model use to predict cumulative
oil production with different number
water saturation. 0.25 898593.9

 The result is match, lower water

saturation gives a higher cumulative oil
production number. Sensitivity of Water Saturation
 According to parametrization, viscosity Reservoir Water Viscosity
of reservoir water range between 0.2325
to 0.3875 cP.
 At the constant condition of other
parameters, more viscous reservoir
water, more difficult to move, then the
VWI (cP) Cum_Oil_Prod_Proxy (STB)

oil will more mobile to move so the

cumulative oil production will be higher. 0.2325 879365.6

Vice versa.
 Proxy model use to predict cumulative 0.3875 927436.4

oil production with different number

water viscosity. Sensitivity of Water Viscosity

 The result is match, higher number of

water viscosity 0.3875 gives higher
number of cumulative oil production.
 Proxy Model Testing:
Using Proxy Model to Predict Waterflooding Performance in
Conceptual Reservoir of Eko Sumber’s Paper
  Reservoir is modeled in cartesian grid
with I=25, J=25, K=20 with grid size XY=54
Eko Sumber’s Reservoir Model ft and Z=1 ft. This model is normal 5 spot
waterflooding pattern.
 Depth=2000 ft, WOC=2020 ft, oil
density=52.68 lbm/cu-ft, Sw =0.2,
VWI=0.3005 cP.
 Injection rate=1331.25 STB/D, BHP
injection=1414 psia, production
rate=2500 STB/D
 This is a channeling deltaic bedded
sand sedimentation reservoir, with
number of prosity get higher from top
to bottom as well as permeability.
 According to gradien of porosity vs
layer, we can conclude type of
channel dataset i.e. 8.

Reservoir Model Eko Sumber

 Permeabilitas Permeabilitas
Layer Por(fraksi)
Horizontal (mD) Vertical (mD) Porositas
1 0.1996 200 75 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.27
2 0.2037 244 97 0
3 0.2071 288 119
4 0.2085 308 129
5 0.2126 377 166
6 0.216 445 204
5
7 0.2174 476 223
8 0.2215 582 286
9 0.2249 687 352 10
10 0.2264 736 383

Layer
11 0.2304 898 492
12 0.2338 1060 805
13 0.2353 1138 661 15
14 0.2393 1385 845
15 0.2427 1632 1037 y = 336.7x - 66.482
16 0.2442 1758 1138
20 R² = 0.9987
17 0.2481 2126 1444
18 0.2514 2494 1762
19 0.2531 2716 1961
20 0.2567 3230 2435 25
Plot Porosity vs Layer
Porosity, Permeability each layer
 Reservoir Simulation
vs
Proxy Model

 Waterflooding simulation is done

using reservoir simulation (builder-
CMG). Resulting cumulative oil
production is 586.24 MSTB.
 Do cumulative oil prediction using Cumulative Oil Production by Reservoir Simulation

Proxy Model resulting 251.84 MSTB. Deltaic_type 8

Area 1822500 ft-square
H_reservoir 20 ft
 Relative error = 57.04 % Oildens 52.68 lbm/cu-ft
REFDEPTH 2000 ft
Rate_injeksi 1331.25 STB/D
Rate_prod 2500 STB/D
SW 0.2 fraction
VWI 0.300508 cP
BHP_prod 250 psia
Cum_Oil_Prod_Proxy 251.84 MSTB

Cumulative Oil Production by Proxy Model

Resevoir Simulation vs Proxy Model :
Result Analysis

Here some reason, why relative error between simulator and proxy model is quite
high :
 Reservoir characteristics (por,lateral perm, vertical perm) couldn’t be well
representated by simple 17 dataset channel characteristic only.
 Channel type of such reservoir is determined by number of gradien porosity vs
layer. Dataset type is the same or nearest number of it’s gradien with simulated
reservoir porosity gradien.
 Proxy model is constructed by approximatelly 1700 experiment. But many of this
experiment have high relative error (up to 60%) compare to simulator result (look
at response result plot).
Conclusion
Conclusion

 Sensitivity of reservoir parameters show constructed proxy model able to

evaluate waterflooding performance in normal 5 spot pattern and deltaic-
channel sand sedimentation reservoir.
 Quadratic Polynomial Regression Model is fast, easiest, and reliable tool to
predict waterflooding performance.
Future Work
Future Work

 On this project, reservoir characteristic especially channel type limited only 17

dataset. Recommended to create as many as possible dataset to represent
channel sedimentation characteristics.
 Create minimum 900 training experiment with relative error under 10% to simulator
in CMOST-CMG software, hence the proxy model will be more accurate.
 This project limited only for normal 5 spot pattern. Next project could include
waterflood pattern into parameter.
 Proxy model can used to optimized waterflood performance if production and
injection constrain knowed.
If it wasn’t hard, everyone would do it. It’s the hard that makes it great – TomHanks

THANKYOU
any question?