Unit 1 Properties off

Matter
Mrs. Ayyad
 Chapter Summary: Key Points
1

The Scientific Method

States of Matter
Substances
Mixtures
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Extensive and Intensive Properties
SI Base Units
Mass
Temperature
Volume and Density
Significant Figures
 How Matter is Classified?
 Atoms: the smallest unit of an element that
maintains the properties of that element.
 Elements: are pure substances that contain
one kind of atom.
 Molecule : consists of two or more atoms
combined in definite ratios.
 Compound: 2 or more atoms that are different
combined together.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gsrW0Vb5sw
 Atomic Structure

There are two basic components in every atom:

Electron Cloud

Nucleus
 Subatomic Particles

Three subatomic particles make up every atom:

Subatomic Particle Charge Location

Proton Positive (+) Nucleus or “Core”

Neutron No Charge (0) Nucleus or “Core”

Electron Negative (-) Electron Cloud

What's an Element?
How to write an Element
 Isotopes
 Atomsof the same element with different
mass numbers.

• Nuclear symbol:

Mass #
C
12

Atomic # 6

• Hyphen notation: carbon-12

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
 17

Isotopes Cl
37

 Chlorine-37
 atomic #: 17

Cl
37
 mass #: 37
17
# of protons: 17

# of electrons: 17
# of neutrons: 20

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

Average Atomic Mass
 weighted average of all isotopes
 on the Periodic Table
 round to 2 decimal places

Avg. (mass)(%) + (mass)(%)

Atomic =
Mass 100

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

 Average Atomic Mass
 EX:Calculate the avg. atomic mass of oxygen if
its abundance in nature is 99.76% 16O, 0.04%
17O, and 0.20% 18O.

Avg. (16)(99.76) + (17)(0.04) + (18)(0.20)

Atomic = 16.00
Mass = 100 amu

Amu- Atomic mass

unit
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
Answer Worksheet
Classification of Matter

A mixture can be separated by physical means into its components

without changing the identities of the components.
Classification of Matter

Gases assume both the

Solids do not conform Liquids do conform to
shape and volume of
to the shape of their the shape of their
their container.
container. container.
Solid particles are held Liquid particles are close Gas particles have
closely together in an together but are not held significant separation
ordered fashion. rigidly in position. from each other and
move freely.
Three states of matter
At room temperature most substances exist in one of three
physical states.

solid liquid gas

Solids
 Theparticles in a solid are very tightly
packed and vibrate in place.
 Solids have a definite volume and shape.
Particles in a solid – animation
 Liquids
 Theparticles in a liquid are close
Picture was
taken at the
together but can move and flow past
exact
moment
one another.
 Liquidshave a definite volume but
these water
balloons
were
popped! they do not have a definite shape.
This is why liquids like water take the
shape of the container they are in.
Particles in a liquid – animation
Gases
 Particles in a gas have higher amounts of energy than those in a
solid or liquid.
 Gases do not have a definite shape or volume. When placed in a
container, it fills up the entire container and spreads out as far as
possible.
Particles in a gas – animation
 Molecular Motion
Adding heat

Removing heat
 The Properties of Matter

There are two general types of properties of matter:

1) Quantitative properties are measured and

expressed with a number.

2) Qualitative properties do not require

measurement and are usually based on
observation.
 The Properties of Matter

A physical property is one that can be observed

and measured without changing the identity of the
substance.
Examples: color, melting point, boiling point

A physical change is one in which the state of

matter changes, but the identity of the matter does
not change.
Examples: changes of state (melting, freezing,
condensation)
 The Properties of Matter

A chemical property is one a substance exhibits as

it interacts with another substance.
Examples: flammability, corrosiveness

A chemical change is one that results in a change

of composition; the original substances no longer
exist.

Examples: digestion, combustion, oxidation

The Properties of Matter

An Extensive property depends on the amount of

matter.
 Examples: mass, volume

An Intensive property does not depend on the amount

of matter.
 Examples: temperature, density
 Temperature
There are two temperature scales used in chemistry:

The Celsius scale (°C)

 Freezing point (pure water): 0°C
 Boiling point (pure water): 100°C

The Kelvin scale (K)

 The “absolute” scale
 Lowest possible temperature: 0 K (absolute zero)

K = °C + 273
Temperature

The Fahrenheit scale is common in the United States.

 Freezing point (pure water): 32°C
 Boiling point (pure water): 212°C

There are 180 degrees between freezing and boiling in Fahrenheit

(212°F-32°F) but only 100 degrees in Celsius (100°C-0°C).
 The size of a degree on the Fahrenheit scale is only 9 of a
5
degree on the Celsius scale.

9
Temp in °F = ( ×temp in °C ) + 32°F
5
 Density
Typicall the units are g/ mL or g/ cm3

mass
density = m
volume d=
V

A piece of platinum metal with a density of 21.5 g/cm3 has a volume of

4.49 cm3. What is its mass?
m
d=
V

m=dxV = 21.5 g/cm3 x 4.49 cm3 = 96.5 g

Taylor 2010
 Density
A piece of metal with a mass of 114 g was placed into
a graduated cylinder that contained 25.00 mL of
water, raising the water level to 42.50 mL. What is the
density of the metal?

Ans: D
A. 0.154 g/mL
B. 0.592 g/mL
C. 2.68 g/mL
D. 6.51 g/mL
E. 7.25 g/mL

Taylor 2010
Accuracy and Precision
Good accuracy and good precision
Accuracy tells us how close a
measurement is to the true
value.

Precision tells us how close a Poor accuracy but good precision

series of replicate measurements

are to one another.

Poor accuracy and poor precision

Day 2 Scientist
 Democritus
(460 BC – 370 BC)

 Proposed an Atomic Theory (along

with his mentor Leucippus)
 which states that all atoms are
small, hard, indivisible and
indestructible particles made of a
single material formed into
different shapes and sizes.
 Aristotle did not support his atomic
theory
Image taken from: https://reich-
chemistry.wikispaces.com/T.+Glenn+
Time+Line+Project
Antoine Lavoisier
(1743 – 1794)

 Known as the “Father of Modern Chemistry”

 Was the first person to generate a list of
thirty-three elements in his textbook
 Devised the metric system
 Was married to a 13-year old Marie-Anne
Pierette Paulze; she assisted him with much
of his work
 Was a tax-collector that was consequently
guillotined during the French Revolution
 Discovered/proposed that combustion
occurs when oxygen combines with other
elements
 Discovered/proposed the Law of
Conservation of Mass (or Matter) which
states, in a chemical reaction, matter is
Image taken from:
www.ldeo.columbia.edu/.../v1001/geo neither created nor destroyed
time2.html
John Dalton
(1766 – 1844)

 In 1803, proposed an Atomic Theory

which states:
o All substances are made of atoms;
atoms are small particles that
cannot be created, divided, or
destroyed.
o Atoms of the same element are
exactly alike, and atoms of
different elements are different
o Atoms join with other atoms to
make new substances
 Calculated the atomic weights of many
various elements
 Was a teacher at a very young age Image taken from:
chemistry.about.com/.../John-
Dalton.htm
 Was color blind
 Atomic Theory Timeline

Scientist Information Model

John All matter is made of atoms.
Dalton Atoms are too small to see,
indivisible and indestructible.
All atoms of a given element
are identical.
J.J. Thomson
(1856 – 1940)

 Proved that an atom can be divided

into smaller parts
 While experimenting with cathode-
ray tubes, discovered corpuscles,
which were later called electrons
 Stated that the atom is neutral
 In 1897, proposed the Plum Pudding
Model which states that atoms
mostly consist of positively charged
Image taken from:
www.wired.com/.../news/2008/04/d
material with negatively charged
ayintech_0430 particles (electrons) located
throughout the positive material
 Won a Nobel Prize
 Atomic Theory Timeline

Scientist Information Model

Discovered the negative

electron, and predicted
J.J
that there also must be a
Thompson positive particle to hold
the electrons in place.
 Atomic Theory Timeline

Scientist Information Model

Ernest Discovered the nucleus

Rutherford
of an atom and named
the positive particles in
the nucleus “protons”.
Concluded that electrons
are scattered in empty
space around the
nucleus.
 Atomic Theory Timeline

Neutrons

Scientist Information Model

James Discovered that neutrons were also

Chadwick located in the nucleus of an atoms
and that they contain no charge.
 Atomic Theory Timeline

Scientist Information Model

Neils Bohr Concluded that electrons are

located in planet-like orbits
around the nucleus in certain
energy levels.
http://www.brainpop.com/science/matterandchemistry/atomicmodel/
 The Law of
Conservation
of Mass
We’ve talked about changes
in matter…
 The evaporation of a puddle of water
 Rust forming on a metal fence
 The Law of
Conservation of Mass
 Duringa chemical reaction, matter
cannot be created or destroyed.

 Eventhough the matter may change

from one form to another, the same
number of atoms exists before and
after the change takes place!
Open System

 There is exchange of matter and energy with surroundings

• Mass is lost to the environment; once gone,

that mass cannot be measured.
• Example: Burning Wood
Closed System

 No matter can enter/leave the system only energy

 An Example of the Closed System.

 Test tube containing lead nitrate is

placed upright in a flask that contains
potassium iodide.
 What are these?
 REACTANTS!
 They don’t mix!
 A stopper is put in place to create a closed system – an environment
where matter cannot enter or escape.
 The mass of the system is found.
 After the mass is found, the system is turned upside down so the lead
nitrate can mix with the potassium iodide.
 They create lead iodide and potassium nitrate.
Although the matter changed in
form, the total mass of the
system remains unchanged.
When iron reacts with oxygen in
the air, they form rust or IRON
OXIDE.
This is written as:
Iron + Oxygen Iron Oxide
 TAKE A
LOOK AT
THE
NUMBERS

O2
Fe2O3
Fe Fe O2 O2

What about
How many Iron How many
molecules? Oxygen the
molecules? PRODUCT?
3 Kinds of Variables

 Independent Variable – something

that is changed by the scientist
What is tested
What is manipulated
 Variables

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2606GQmDqY