3.

Depositional environmenls
graduate programm - Introduction to Sedimentot98¥
 Seamentology: Weatherin g Eros]on
Deposition
ountain/rocks are Sediments are Sediments are Layer after layer is
roken down transported by air, dumped in a low lying deposited
eathering water and ice area (ocean/sea) - due to the weight,
Erosion Deposition the ocean floor sinks
Small pieces of rock
collectively called:
and more space is
Low lying area in ocean &
Sediments made
sea where sediments end
up is called a Stratigraphy
Basin

Due to the pressure,

the sediments
become
I \ compressed and
hard
A rock is born

cassin 2-
! S•t a t o i l
'
cation
 Petroleum geology: Essentials

1) Porosity Storage

Cap Rock and

Trap
-
2) Permeability Producability

~ 150°c
[EI!III@El
J65°C [RE3
'------------ /
~

ITIMING
Oil
Window

5 M
'statoil
 Tectonic: Types of Faults
Normal Fault Thrust/Reverse fault
fault plane

4 extension p»shortening4

Strike-slip Fault

cassin 4-
! •Statoil
'
cation
Depositional environments

h
' sa t o i l
Depositional e n v i r o n m e n t s

Eoluan
deposits

I
~

l d
£
Depositional environments
• Continental
playa
• Glacial
estuary
(ephemeral lake)

• Fluvial bay (lagoon)

Barter veran
continental shelf

• Deserts shelf break

• Shallow and marginal marine

• Deltaic
• Linear shorelines (Barrier, non-Barrier)
• Estuaries
• Deep marine
• Offshore ( continental slope)
• Deep marine (basin floor) Examples:
Peon, Norway

o c assin c ato n: intem al 2013-11-15

2.•
jStatoil
• Sequence stratigraphy

h
' sa t o i l
Fluvial depositional environment - facies associations
(a)
• Channel fill [] rnoodplain
[ tesee

• Floodplain - Splay
[ c h a n n el fit

• Levee
sPlog scale
• Crevasse splay ft m

m
o b
"y»
{

<%
< ""
Splay
Levee
Fluvial planforms
Meandering, braided and anastomosing river planform
THE S HA P E OF A RIVER

Meandering Braided

Note!
Channel belt versus individual streams and bars

Anastomosing

19 c lassif i c ation: latera l 2013-11-1s

!j • Statoil
Channel fill of meandering rivers

Floodplain I
deposits

Ancient floodplain Ancient channel

deposits and point bar
(c
Lateral accretion
Caliche nodules
5
Dessication cracks

4 Roots

Heterollthlc bedding

Ripple cross-lamination

Trough cross-bedding
 Channel fill of anastomosing rivers
Map view of
channel geometry

Overbank - flood plain

% Channel confined by vegetated.
cohesive overbank fines
• Isolated channel fills
• Aggarading vertically
Channel sand
isolith
• Gravel to silt
• Planar tabular cross beds
• Downstream dune migration
• Small LA sequences
Shoeslnng or pod /

Flow direction Vertical sequences

Processes Products
SP L 1TH

!!
Sandbody architecture
• vertical in-channel
accr etion
no floodplain
Fluvial aggradation and channel confinement aggradation

t lead to vertically stacked channel sands with

low width to depth ratios

Sequence dominated by
fine material, thus vertical
trends may be obscure
Multi-storey channel fills
encased in mud and clay
vertical in-channel
accretion
fl o o dplain
aggradation =ye
in-channel lateral
erosion and accretion

• no floodplain
aggradation
final in- channel
vertical accretion

• in-channel lateral
erosion and accretion
floodplain
Legend aggradatio
n
L l
El a inchannel lateral
E ]a rd w ra r [LL] b r o Makaske, 2001 erosion and accretion ~ 2 0 0 1
Crevasse splay

Breaker point Levee

River
chann

Floodplain

Crevasse splay

....'.·-'-.:_L..
COAL,SEAT ROCK CLAYEY

SANDSTONE FINE-GRAINED RIPPLED

EVASSE SPLAY
SHALE AND SILTSTONE COARSENING
UPWARD SIDERITE BANDS BURROWED TERDISTRIBUTARY BAY
COAL SEAT ROCK SILTY

{'93%{°
• Breach of natural levee stow cu«am«G
SANDSTONE FINE TO MEDIUM- GRAINED
FESTOON CROSS BEDDED
• Rapid deposition on floodplain CONGLOMERATE LAG SIDERITE PEBBLES
COAL SEAT ROCK
ARY BA
• Sheet-like sandstone/siltstone bodies
SHALE AND SILTSTONE COARSENING UPWARD
BURROWED
COAL. SEAT ROCK CLAYEY VASSE SPLA Y
SANDSTONE FINE -GRAINED RIPPLED
• Mudstone interbeds
ERDISTRIBUTARY BAY
SHALE AND SILTSTONE COARSENING UPWARD
SID£RITE BANDS BURROWED
COAL WITH SEAT ROCK SPLITS

SANDSTONE AND SILTSTONE.

CLIMBING RIPPLES, ROOTED
SANDSTONE FINE TO MEDIUM-GRAINED
FESTOON CROSS-BEDDED
CLAY SHALE, BURROWED
COAL
River avulsion

old river course new river course

• Regional - new channel is established

Note!
• Local - meander cut-off - ox-bow lake Channel belt versus individual streams and bars

) f - 6] (@
Local avulsion

Taquari DFS, Pantanal Basin, Brazil d

28
(rage FSRG, Buehler et al, 2011)
Classific ation Internal 2013-11-15
satoil
Sandstone body types

Channel fill:
• Ribbon-like
RIBBON SANDSTONE

A
!
=
,Wing p t
W/Te15

Laterally stable flow

SHEET SANDSTONES WIT15

• Isolated lenses bars
• Sheet-like S H I H
Laterally unstable
5 =
channelized flow
C
Multistory/Multi lateral
Floodplain:
• Ribbon-like D
Poorly channelized flow
• Thin sheet-like
e ~ ~ ~ ~ a
Amalgamated sandstone bodies
AMALGAMATED COMPLEX
• Combinatin of above

M
30 Class if ic atio n Internal 2013 11 15 ' sa t o i l
Sandstone body types

Sinuous, meandering stream Highly mobile braided stream

[El er are
- Mature pal eosol
m
50
- M u d m
Cl saw
•
400

Allostratigraphic boundary GE] me

I
A Vertical 0
I o a ar mo«stone
F
section [l sand ans a nds to n e

• Point bars - perpendicular to • Longitudinal bars - parallel to flow

flow direction direction
• Lateral restricted sandstone • Multistory/multilateral sheet-like
• Poor vertical connectivity sandstones
• Good vertical and lateral
connectivity

M
31 Class ific atio n Internal 2013 11 15 ~ ~ Statoil
Depositional environments

• Continental playa
(ephemeral lake)
estuary

• Glacial bay (lagoon)

Barter veran
•
continental shelf
Fluvial
shelf break

• Deserts
• Shallow and marginal marine
• Deltaic
• Linear shorelines (Barrier, non-Barrier)
• Estuaries
• Deep marine
• Offshore ( continental slope)
Examples:
• Deep marine (basin floor)
Lomvi, Norway, Rotligent,, UK

M
36 Classif ic ation Internal 2013-11-15
'statoil
Desert depositional environment

• Aeolian blown sands

• Ephemeral lakes/rivers
• Alluvial fans

Nichols, 1999

h
' sa t o i l
 Alluvial fans: types
Debris-flow fan

• Gravity flow debris flows form lobes

surface

• Sheetflood
• Channelised
• Corase-grained deposits
t foods spread out

•
Sheetflood fan part of the fan surface
Horiz. & cross bedding

l I

D o r f
0 r t
Stream-channel fat stream channels change
. 6 p o d
$oor dcre
ition on the fan
b
. o o r b
e through time

.
«
t
Channelised
;,. _ . -

38 Classif ic ation Internal 2013-11-15

M
'statoil
 Dune and interdune facies association
High water table - no aeolian reworking in wet interdune areas

5.0

dune
interdune 4.5 Metz et al.,
JSR, 2009

4.0

3.5

3.0
lnterdune
Rip-up Clasts
Small-Scale Trough Cross-Lamination
@
0 2.5
%
E

dune 2.0
Eolian Dune Field
Trough Cross-Bedded
Primary Facies
fD] synsedim ent ary Deformation/
I'J Rip-up Clasts

=
E] wavy Laminated to Sm all-Scale
E] Trough Cross-Laminated
Low-Angle Stratified

Trough Cross-Bedding
lnterdune
Rip-up Clasts
Wavy Lamination
Small-Scale Trough Cross-Lamination

Diagenetic Overprint
~ Mo t t l e d / R e c r y s t a l l i z e d

42 c a s sin cat on: t era ! 2013-11-15

!j • Statoil
Depositional environments

• Continental
• Glacial
Examples:
• Fluvial
Brent, Cook, Upper Tilje (?), Norway
• Deserts
• Shallow and marginal marine
• Deltaic Increased Wave Power
Wave
• Linear shorelines (Barrier, non-Barrier) I
Dominated
Estuary

• Estuaries
• Deep marine
• Offshore ( continental slope) Tide/Ocean
Current
Dominated Wave/Storm
Shelf Dominated

• Deep marine (basin floor) Shelf

Delta Classification Mississippi
Sediment
Input

Wave Energ y Flux lpf e l l Tidal Ganges•

Energy Flux Brahmaputra
I. --...,J J
'

,
~
• • • ••
,
_
•

l
i

Galloway, 1975

46 Classification: internal 2013-11-15

! • Statoil
Fluvial-dominated delta subenvironments
• Low wave and tide energy Delta plain:
• Deacrese of velosity at the sea front • Various channel fills
• Crevasse splays
• Mouth bar - distributive pattern • Floodplain facies (peat)
• Decrease grains side with depth
• flood I

marshl '
' 2
'

bar san
- _
" .. - .- ( ~ I « Stets & Schafer, 2009
4,Tl]_lily
h t 4
r ' ! // j,
4
ll_
}

( k ' L L

'
c
<%. 5

,
- ! Distributary channel:
- 5 8 /i,, · Similar to fluvial channel

.. ,S.
Prodelta: si i Nr· zec · Suiuba queous plevees
• Suspended fine-grained sediment s
• Plums into deeper water
irks' Mloutlh bars:
~~ 0
Interdistributary bay: <j p, . ,] di b
• Low energy R? • 'roxImaI sanay ars
Si ·il tc fl dole • Not continuous

47 c a s sinicat on: t era ! 2013-11-15

.
]"" " ; " " o p ain sp ays
• ay I y crevasse
-.·
• Tab ular horizontal and cro ss-be i ng

!j • Statoil
Delta lobe switching
• Each distributary fills the space and migrates to another location

Nichols, 1999

M
's tato il
Wave-dominated delta subenvironments
• High wave energy Distributary channel:
Delta plain:
• Various channel fills • Similar to fluvial channel
• Crevasse splays • No subaqueous levees
• Difference: • Do not proqrade into the sea
• Floodplain facies
• Channel do not prograde
• Sandy coastal bars
• Well-sorted sand

Mouth bars:
• Proximal sandy bars
• Wave/tides reworking
• Tabular horizontal and
cross-bedding

Coastal sandy bars:

• Sandy beaches
• Continuous
• Sand of mouth bars
http://www.seddepseq.eo.uk/DEPOSITIONAL_ENV/Deltas/deltas.htm
reworked by oblique waves

Prodelta:
• Suspended fine-grained sediments
Paraibo delta, Brazil • Plums into deeper water

49 c a s sin cat on: t era ! 2013-11-15

!j • Statoil
Tide-dominated delta subenvironments
Lower delta plain (tidal):
• High tidal range Upper delta plain (non tidal): • Tidal flats
• Various channel fills / . Periodically flooding with tides
• Crevasse splays • Mangroove
• Difference: • Floodplain facies
• Channel affected by tides V Lower delta plain ? ?
• Tidal sandy bars pper delta
. lain . ---

• Tidal indicators ,

,.._
3) Tidal channels:
° • Affected tides
• Stagnation periods
- l E - =

···-· ....
kW a

J
u ?
Tidal sand bars:
•, Tid e m o dif ies m o u th b a rs
• Elongate bars
Prodelta: • Bidirectional cross-bedding
• Suspended fine-grained sediments • Mud drapes
Ganges Delta, Bangladesh / India • Plums into deeper water

5so c l assific at on: internal 2013-11-15

!j • Statoil
Delta progradation
• All types of deltas are progradational in nature River-dominated

• Produce shallowing vertical facies succession

B
A Delta
plain

Distributary
Channel

Mouth
bar

well A well log B

A delta
de
Delta
Progradation @ front

"$
"\
Prodelta
e "
$
e, @'$=

Nichols, 1999

51 cassincaton: hntemal 2013-11-15

!j • Statoil
 Depositional environments

• Continental
Examples:
• Glacial
Rannoch/Etive/Tarbert (Brent Gr), Upper lie, Norway
• Fluvial
• Deserts
• Shallow and marginal marine
• Deltaic « Increased Tidal Power Increased Wave Power

•
Wave
Linear shorelines (Barrier, non-Barrier) I
Dominated
Estuary

• Estuaries
• Deep marine
• Offshore (continental slope)
Tide/Ocean

•
Current
Deep marine (basin floor) Dominated
Shelf
Wave/Storm
Dominated
Shelf
Wave-dominated linear shoreline {non-barrier)
• Beach (foreshore, backshore, dunes) - low angle/horizontal bedding
• Shorface (above Fairweather wave base) - dunes, cross bedding
• Offshore transition (above Storm wave base) - hummocky cross stratfication
middle shoreface
locally developed
beach ridges
in lee of bars

fluvial feede r # l f n l
channel SWB
infilled lagoon,
vegetated, coal•
forming
environment

- "
oifshore

zone
p
z E "
A
@O*

5m
- - - H W M

ear"
s um maryof
wave activity

wave activity swash

% surf
»
buildup
dswell
l
swell
tidal range typically <2 m
FWWB fairweather wave-
- - - L W M

base (4-6 m) shoreface

wave type bore bore solitary sinusoidal sinusoidal
SWB storm wave-base (20--30 m)
lunate mega• asym, gipples none, wave
structures planar planar mod ify cs
ripples -TXS beds ripples
grainsize fine fine lower med upperfine fine/mud FWW

54 Classific ation Internal 2013-11-15

(a)
Wave-dominated linear shoreline with barrier islands
• Tidal flat, marsh - small tidal range
• Lagoon - shallow, suspended material from the sea and coastal plain, evaporites
• Washovers - thin layers of sand in lagoon
• Beach (foreshore, backshore) - gravel, sand transported by longshore currents
• Tidal inlet - mesotidal coasts
• Flood and ebb deltas - made up of barrier sediment, dune cross-bedding, onshore direction
• Shorface (above Fairweather wave base)
• Offshore transition (above Storm wave base) washover dunes beach
marsh

• Abundant sediment supply

tidal flat
• Longshore current
• Small tidal range
ebb tida
delta
hannel /

---
. '
inlet

3
u l =5 w w
·::.--...:.:••

.,
s , o

--:.:.:.: ·-

!&

O'
MU
m [ ) o O
Wave dominated shoreline system with barrier islands

M
'statoil
Depositional environments
• Continental
• Glacial
• Fluvial Examples:

• Deserts Lower Tilje, Tarbert, Nordmela, Norway

• Lacustrine
• Shallow and marginal marine
•
Increased Wave Power
Deltaic Wave
Dominated
I Estuary

• Linear shorelines (Barrier, non-Barrier)

• Estuaries
• Deep marine
Tide/Ocean
Current
• Offshore ( continental slope) Dominated
Shelf
Storm
nated
elf

• Deep marine (basin floor)

Estuary types
Tidal Alluvial
Limit Valley

8
Central
ood-Tid Basin
lnl Delta

1. Wave-Dominated

- w Western Germany, Google Earth

Tidal
tide
Limit
2. Tide-Dominated

M
'statoil
Wave-dominated estuary Tidal flat
Barrier bar E l S u e G F /www ramsar.org/
Figure Wave dominated inlet with large
flood tide delta deposits. The ebb delta is
small. Sediment in the flood delta is
derived mainly from longshore

----.-
beach transport.

Saltwater
Bay-head delta

61 Classific ation Internal 2013-11-15

M
'statoil
Tide-dominated estuary
• Tidal channel - meandering, suspension, Heterolithic point bar (HIS)
• Tidal flat - mud flats, salt marshes cut by tidal creeks, periodically flooded
• Tidal sand bars - sand, gravel, bioclasts
• Dune migration, cross-bedding, 2 direct.
High

• Mud drapes

Medium

• Two path ways for edd and flood tides

Seagrass r

Heap et al. 2001

62 c l assific at on: internal 2013-11-15

!j • Statoil
Tide-dominated estuary
Tidal bars and channels
Tidal mudflat

http://www niwa_co_nz/coasts-and-oceans/nz-coast/learn-about-coastal-environments/beach-types/
13-beach-types/reflective-tidal-mud-flats

http://geologicalintroduction.baffl.co.uk

63 c lassific at on internal 2013-11-15

!jStatoil
•
Bay fill succession
• Floodplain/marshes
• Channel fill
• Bay-head delta
• Subbay
• Wave reworked deposits

Floodplain/marshes

/ ~ : ~ , Idealized sketch of a
:-_ lower delta plain
·
j_=
•
Channel f l
" tF 7

:~, Bay-head delta

_ Ssubbay
s•

] Wave-reworked
e r o st
r•

Class66
cation
Wave influenced bayfill, 30/9-4
Depositional environments
• Continental
playa
• Glacial
estuary
(ephemeral lake)

• Fluvial bay (lagoon)

Barter veran
continental shelf

• Deserts . shelf break

• Lacustrine
• Shallow and marginal marine
• Deltaic
Exmaples:
• Linear shorelines
Peregrino, Brazil,
• Estuaries
Tanzania, Angola,
• Deep marine King Lear, Asta Hansteen, Norway
• Offshore (continental slope)
• Deep marine (basin floor)
- - - ) .. Debri flows
Turbidity currents

M
69 Classific atio n Internal 2013-11-15
'statoil
Slope elements and sediment source
Canyons on the shelf slope may be
Slump on the shelf slope
connected to river source
12 0 20 W 12 0 10 120 00 119 50

10 km Coal Oil
Point
I

EE:ZIZZJ
 a

Basin floor
Tibetan Plateau

•
30°N
Submarine fan
• Sediment from canyons
• Spreads out on the lower gradient plain
20N
• Lobes forming fan

10N

0°

+
500
r'
1000 KILOMETERS

60E 70E 80E 90E

b SOURCE

TRANSFER ZONE / SINK

TERMINAL SINK

river

submarine fan
 Basin floor
• Hemipelagic deposition
• fine-grained sediment slowly accumulated on
a basin floor
• Pelagic deposition Well 25/7-5

• microscopic, calcareous or siliceous shells %sal Core description l.:nterpretation Strat.

Unit
Strat.
Age

of phytoplankton or zooplankton t c
• Mixture of those $0
40

Anoxic basin with

z0 (0
£
c

•
6
G
2000 frequent ash falls 5 QJ
l
,_
Q/
a
10
U

.c,,,,.
1 T 13) 8 0 T 19 7 9 00 T
20
%
co

19 ) B 1 E
30 Dgrey i r e d
or-ootrbard Anoxic basin
, sh 04coral
tr s t r i s c f tu
c c
c0r c
·;;;
Distal fan C
E t O ...
0 "
·%>-
--
cr ,>-
40

70
Anoxic basin ~ £S
a;
u
q

;
c
9
l %
http://research. ncl. ac. u k/caprocks/gallery. htm Oxic to dysoxic
I
I
2100
basin E
I -

I ~ 2
10
1
:":J'

-·7, d t y f a n
n o d
. l « .
o
e t

I ,_
.Cnl/
f

c
«
I 4¢

0
h r 4 o r a l
•
-
g e t z
7
0
£
0
5c
Gi
«
u
Cl/
£ O J
r
'%
r "
http://nhm2.uio.no/norges/litho/balder.php 06376126 120
Deep-marine submarine fan facies association
• Canyon - bypass
• Proximal fan
• Channel fairways - Tab - HOT plus debrites
• Levees - Tce,Tde - LDT
• Lobes - Tae,Tbe - LDT
• Distal fan
canyon
• Frontal splays - Tcde,Tde - LDT
• Hemipelagic/pelagic deposits c. 10 km
e
="
channelised fan
or suprafan
fan fringe

5 7 3
- f
- C H / ; /
< j {
A
.".'
-E
0
Q)

" 4 '/cH

~
7) caryon

(2) Shallow mobile channels with wings

Bouma sequences are typica

(3) Fan fringe frontal splays
marine fans. Compl e t e seq
fan channels; incomplete s
distal, and/or lateral env
feeder s AE doai
HDTs and
load st channel
r uct ur es and nat
sl unps debrites dominance of structureless sand
successively drop out and in
fora, Lat eral l y away from sandy
BCE and inte rchannel ar eas fringe
Compensation stacking
http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/fichter/SedRx/subfan.html
http://www.geocaching.com

73 c a s sin cat on: hntem al 2013-11-15

!j •S t ato il
Deep-marine submarine fan facies association
( f p
Eao ft of the
canyon wt s/s tores
a n t 1 r estores
Secr
p r 0 reetsu
u stat
p rea 1

:(~1:1.~
sh«dig
rpact al0g wt
ccpa.ton
higha ge ii¢ n t eds
a n t. ca 'e
stat gap
B) p an
~ :;e._
- - _ -_-- · · _-- · -_-- · -- - - ~ ectonc
o sonttroug tre
$a/0water she'a
4: Maximum extension of the deepwater - s t ores t o ngs
sb r a naecanyon
system, Start of retreat with infill of Ba ss¢' serr e ts
proximal channels and canyons t o t edeept asu
ca n es
ormg theasandy
d es

A)

o zo t l depost or
fum e
torar res. ct
salc re
sloe.she'a s/st2es
ate tited tue t
tectoncs

Ainsa, A.Rittersbacher, Troll field course manual

Ainsa I Quarry Sectio n

Ainsa, A.Rittersbacher, Troll field course manual

 Deep-marine submarine fan facies association
\
·
\
:

\ Inner fan.
\ Channel filled with thick conglomerate and
\ sandstone turbidites, HOT +debrites
\
I
\
:
' Inner fan.
Thin-bedded levee deposits, LDT
~ I
: \
\
\ Mid-fan.
-. - ~ Channel on lobe filled with HOT or LDT+ debrites
i z:

'
'
'
'
'
' Mid-fan.
'
Coarsening-up succession of sandy turbidites

I
I
I
I
I Distal fan.
Thinly bedded fine-grained turbidites
Nichols, 1999

M
14
75 Cl,1ss1f1c,1t1011 l11te111al 2013 11 15 ~ Statoil
 Sand injectites
• Seals and dykes of re-mobilised unconsolidated sands that were forced upward through
overlying impermeable layers.
• Associated with deep-water elastic systems - Parent sand body
• Intrusive traps (could follow faults or bedding)
• Enhance reservoir connectivity especially vertically - Seal risk/ migration paths

Extruded sand developing

into turbidity flow

shallowers

Silli

arent sand body.

Pressure build-up, fluidisation
and pressure release throu

http://nhm2.uio.no/norges/1itho/rogaland.php

Thin-bedded turbidites and sandstone dikes, El Chingue Bluff,

southern cnle (e 2010 clastcdetmtus.com)
77 c a s sin cat on: intem al 2013-11-15 j Statoil
Sand injectites
• Could be large - detectable on seismic - strange geometries
• Not necessarily connected to parent body
• Sand injectites are widespread in Paleocene to Pleistocene sediments in the North Sea.
• The sand injectite play is proven by several oil fields; e.g., Grane, Balder, Alba, Volund and
Mariner/Bressay.
Depositional environments

• Continental playa
(ephemeral lak e)
estuary

• Glacial bay (lagoon)

Barter veran
•
continental shelf
Fluvial
shelf break

• Deserts
• Shallow and marginal marine
• Deltaic
• Linear shorelines (Barrier, non-Barrier)
• Estuaries
• Deep marine
• Offshore (continental slope)
• Deep marine (basin floor)

79 c assin c ato n: intem al 2013-11-15

2.•
j Statoil
There's never been a better
time For good ideas

Presentation title

Presenters name
Presenters title
E-mail address @statoil.com
Tel: +4700000000

www.statoil.com

hM
( I 1 111 1l 1 11 1 ,t, 111 ,1 ~ ,1 1 1 ~ ~ Statoil