RENEWABLE ENERGY-

WIND
Green Energy for ever
and
for Every one

By Phani Kumar
 synopsis
 Introduction
 Wind formation and aerodynamic principles
 Wind power conversion tech
 Wind Electric Turbine & Generator Control
Introduction
 Wind is being used by man from years together for
different purposes like grinding, water pumping,
yachting …etc
 Perhaps worlds first wind farm (1500/1600) in
Holland where such series of windmills were
installed to pump out water from low lying areas
back into the sea!
 They were meant for remote operations up to 1940
 World wars made the energy expensive, search for
low cost energy came in to action resulting - wind
mills made to generate electric power
 Grid Connection was first experimented way back in
the 1940’s in the United States
 Gedser windmill in Denmark heralded the advent of
modern wind turbines from the seventies
 Few of the old wind mills meant for battery
changing and water pumping
Energy
 Energy is a major input for overall
socio-economic development of any
society
 Energy cannot be created or
destroyed; it can only be transferred
from one form to another
 Most of our electricity is generated
with non-renewable resources
 Coal
 Natural Liquid & Gas
 Nuclear power
 Energy Conversion
 COAL
 Mine & transport coal  burn coal  boil
water  make steam  steam pushes turbine
 turbine coupled to generator
 NATURAL LIQUID & GAS
 Drill for & transport gas  burn gas  push
turbine  turbine coupled to generator
NUCLEAR POWER
 Mine & transport uranium  uranium gets
hot & boils water  make steam  steam
pushes turbine  turbine coupled to generator
 LIMITATION of FOSSIL
FUELS
 Depletion of fossil fuels
 Environmental hazards
 Health hazards
 Life of Fossil Fuel
 Consider the earth as a sphere of radius
R=6378.137 kms. This amounts to about
1.1x1021m3((4/3)×π×(6378×103)3).of fossil fuel.
 The average energy density of fossil fuel to be
about 10,000Wh/lt or 10,000 KWh/m3.
 The amount of stored energy within the earth is
1.1x1025KWh.
 The Worlds energy consumption is 1.68x1015
kWh/year.
 Considering a 7% growth in energy consumption
annually.
 The fossil fuel may last for about 350 years.
 Taking the ground reality, fossil fuel may last for
about 100 years.
 Environmental Effects

 Approximately 394 pounds of coal is used to

light one 100-watt incandescent light bulb, 12
hours a day for one year. And burning coal as a
source of energy for light bulbs produces 936
pounds of acid rain and carbon dioxide as well
as 7.8 pounds of sulphur dioxide.

 Green House effects

 Climatic Changes
 Depletion of Stratospheric ozone layer
 HEALTH HAZARDS
 Carbon monoxide
Poor reflexes
comatose state
Nausea
 Oxides of nitrogen
Lung irritation
Eye burning
Headache
 Sulphur dioxide
Aggravates heart ailments
Lung diseases
Cancer
Respiratory illness
 Particulate matter
Chronic bronchitis
Pulmonary emphysema
 synopsis
 Introduction
 Wind formation and aerodynamic
principles
 Wind power conversion tech
 Wind Electric Turbine & Generator Control
 Wind and the grid
Wind formation
 There are three scales of motion of atmosphere
 General circulation
 Caused by uneven heating of earth and seas.
 Secondary Circulation
 Caused by pressure differences due to cooling or heating of
lower atmosphere
 Hurricanes, monsoon circulation, etc
 Tertiary Circulations
 Purely local effects
 sea & land breezes, mountain winds
 General circulation
The power emission from
the sun is 1.37 kW/m 2 on
the surface of the sphere,
which has the sun as its
centre and the average
radius of the earth
trajectory. The power hits
a circular disc with an area
of of 1.27 x 10 14 m 2 .
The power emitted to the
earth is thus 1.74 x 10 17
W.
The regions around equator, at 0° latitude
are heated more by the sun than the rest
of the globe. These hot areas are indicated
in the warm colours, red, orange and
yellow in this infrared picture of sea
surface temperatures (taken from a NASA
satellite, NOAA-7 in July 1984).
Hot air is lighter than cold air and will
rise into the sky until it reaches
approximately 10 km (6 miles) altitude
and will spread to the North and the
South. If the globe did not rotate, the air
would simply arrive at the North Pole and
the South Pole, sink down, and return to
the equator.
 Secondary Circulation
The wind rises from the equator and moves north and south in the
higher layers of the atmosphere.
Around 30°; latitude in both hemispheres the Coriolis force prevents the
air from moving much farther. At this latitude there is a high pressure
area, as the air begins sinking down again.
As the wind rises from the equator there will be a low pressure area
close to ground level attracting winds from the North and South.
At the Poles, there will be high pressure
due to the cooling of the air.
Keeping in mind the bending force of the
Coriolis force, we thus have the following
general results for the prevailing wind
direction:
Latitude: 90-60°N 60-30°N 30-0°N 0-30°S 30-60°S 60-90°S
Direction: NE SW NE SE NW SE
Why Seasons
 Tertiary Circulations
Sea Breezes
Land masses are heated by the sun more
quickly than the sea in the daytime. The air
rises, flows out to the sea, and creates a
low pressure at ground level which attracts
the cool air from the sea. This is called a sea
breeze. At nightfall there is often a period of calm
when land and sea temperatures are equal.
At night the wind blows in the opposite direction. The land breeze at
night generally has lower wind speeds, because the temperature
difference between land and sea is smaller at night.
The monsoon known from South-East Asia is in reality a large-scale
form of the sea breeze and land breeze, varying in its direction between
seasons, because land masses are heated or cooled more quickly than the
sea.
Mountain winds

Mountain regions display many interesting weather patterns. One

example is the valley wind which originates on south-facing slopes
(north-facing in the southern hemisphere). When the slopes and the
neighboring air are heated the density of the air decreases, and the air
ascends towards the top following the surface of the slope. At night the
wind direction is reversed, and turns into a down slope wind.
If the valley floor is sloped, the air may move down or up the valley, as a
canyon wind.
Winds flowing down the leeward sides of mountains can be quite
powerful:
 Wind Monitoring
Wind speed and the direction is measured in the given site, where the
project is proposed, for more than an year.
 Wind mast and the Data Logger is used for collecting the data. It helps
in making wind resource map
 simulation software is used for getting details of potential generation
and the Plant Load Factor.

WIND ROSE drawn by

Simulation Software

Wind mast Data Logger

 An Early Wind Resource map

 Some of the early pioneers

(1960’s) drew this wind
resource map with
painstaking effort.
 They based their
calculations on the IMD
data.
 It may be seen that the
windier Nagerkoil area was
indeed missed because of
sparseness of data.
 INDIA
WIND POWER DENSITY MAP BASED ON
DATA FROM 9 STATES & 2 UTS AT 50M AGL

JAMMU AND KASHMIR N

BASGO
PHYANG

CHOCHOT
CHESHOSHAMA
STAKNA

KISHTWAR

PATNITOP

BHAGDHAR
TREHTI
SHAHPUR KANDI

JAWALI
HIMACHAL TABO
CHAK KOTI
QUADIAN
PRADESH
TAKHANI

MURARI DEVI
SHATDHAR
ALGON KOTI CHURAG
ANANDAPUR SAHIB
FAGU
HARSIL
SOLAN

PUNJAB
MORNI KAHAN
HILLS

THEHRI
UTTARANCHAL
RAMSARA JHAMNIKHAL GURDAURI
RANSI
BACHELIKHAL JHANKARDANDA
TALWANDI SABO

GUMKHAL
RICKHNIKHAL
SARDULEWALA MALLIMIRAI

JHARGAON

SURATGARH HARYANA MOLEKHAL

ARUNACHAL
PRADESH
1.6 RD

PASSIGHAT

DELHI
JENGING
MAHAJAN
DADREWA
NEW DARING
RAMNAGAR

BHUPANI
BISSAU ABHEPUR

NAPASAR RAGHUNATHPUR YONGCHIK

HARSHNATH
SIKKIM
MOHANGARH
KATHOTI
KANOD
PHALODI
DELO HILLS
JAISALMER
TIGER HILLS SINGRI
DAUBSI
NAHARGAD

RAJASTHAN ASSAM
UTTAR PRADESH
KHODAL BORGAON
BALESAR
BARLI PUTSARI
LELA
NAGALAND
BHADKHA UMPHABENG
PACHPADRA SHEOPURA GHAT
DERASAR

MEGHALAYA
BHAGAVANPUR

GADOLI BIHAR
BISHENGARH
MANDAL

BASI
MANIPUR
JASWANTHGAD
SAWA

UNDARI
BARI SADRI

DHROBANA
DAMOTAR
TRIPURA
TAGA KHERWADA
SISODA DEVGARH
NANDLI AHADA

JHARKHAND MIZORAM
JAMANVADA
MAHURIYA
ADESAR
MAMATKHEDA ALOT
SIVALAKHA CHORASIA BADAILA TANORIYA
BODHINA

WEST
MOTI SINDHOLI BARKHERI BAZAR
KUKMA VANDHYA
POLADIYA SINUGRA SURAJBARI PADSOLI
KERA LAHORI

BENGAL
JAITHAL HILL AJODHYA HILLS
BAYATH SINAI
WARSHAMEDI SODANG HILL

GUJARAT
MUNDRA RATABHE KAWASA KALAPAHAD
JAMGODRANI MIRZAPUR
DAHOD NAGDA
JHABUA BAROLI KAMLESHWARPUR

MADHYA PRADESH
OKHA LIMBARA MACHALIYA GHAT
MESARIA BETMA
SUVARDA
BAMANBORE 1 BAMANBORE 2 MACHLA
HARIPAR KHEDA
DHANDHALPUR
GALA PAREWADA
OKHAMADHI MAHIDAD
KALYANPUR BHANDARIYA SADODAR
NAVADRA GODLADHAR
LAMBA BUTAVADAR ROJMAL SANAWAD HALDIA
MOTA DADAWA
HARSHAD
DHANK 2 NANI KUNDAL
DHANK 1 KAGAVAD
NIJKASBA
AMRAPAR (SETH)
DADONPATRA BAR GANGASAGAR
BASTA DIGHA
NAVI BANDER VALIYARPANI FRASERGANJ
SANODAR SENDHVA CHANDIPUR
KHAMBADA
JASAPAR
KAMRAVAD
KUKRU CHHATTISGARH
AMRAPAR (GIR)
CHAKLA
RANIGAON MOTHA
DUMDHA BRAHMANVEL
VERAVAL JAFRABAD TAKARMAULI
VELAN RAIPUR
DANDI

SAPUTARA ORISSA
SAPTHASRINGIGAD PARADWIP

MALEGAON KARIYAT THOKAL MALEGAON

THOKALWADI PANHAL SATHE KAIPADAR 1
GAWALWADI KAIPADAR 2
MAHISMAL
KOGDA
KHARUMBHAPADA KANKORA
MARINE DRIVE
SURYAMAL AUNDHEWADI PURI
PANCHPATTA
MAL
VEDI

SHIRASGAON
MAHARASHTRA
CHATRAPUR
GOPALPUR

RAJEWADI PIMPALGAON KHANDKE

VAGERA
DHAKALE
KAVDYA DONGER
ELEPHANTA ISLAND
BEDARWADI

LONAVLA
DHAVADI
KOLGAON
SAUTADA DAMANJODI BAY OF BENGAL
MAHIJALGAON

PIRTHANDA
ROTI
ROHINA
MURUD
TADWAI GALIKONDA

MANDHARDEO KAVALDHARA
PANCHGANI
AMBRAL MOGRALE
KHOKADE KASARSIRSI
KAS BHIMUNIPATNAM
JAMBULMURE
CHALKEWADI
THOSEGHAR
AMBERI KOTTURU
VANKUSAWADE
VANKUSAWADE WAGHAPUR SADA

Standard Wind Class definition

RAJACHIKURLI
NANDIVADE PALSI KAMTHI BHUD

ANDHRA PRADESH
SHIVANE RENAVI
DEOUD VAREKARWADI
AMBED MATREWADI
DHALGAON NAZEERABAD
GUDE PANCHAGANI HORTI
ALKUD VAHMSPET
KOTHOLI
KUCHI
DONGERWADI SOMADEVARAHATTI
MASAIPATHAR

WIND
BEDAG
ALAMPRABHUPATHAR PEDDAVARAM

50 m HEIGHT
NERKEWADI KOGIL KOTRATHANDA YANAM
VIJAYADURG
MAHALUNGE
DEOGAD
CHIKKODI MAVINHUNDA LACHAMBAVI
INSTALL- POWER
CLASS ABLE MW*
SANGUNDI MOTLAMPALLI

DENSITY
DHANGARWADI
GOKAK

WIND SPEED
MALWAN

ARABIAN SEA
MANNIKERE
WIND POWER
W/sq.m
VENGURLA NELAGANTI
HANUMANHATTI HANAMSAGAR

m/s W/sq.m
KHAMKARKATTI MALGATTI SINGARIKONDA
NAVILTHIRTH DAM SAUNDATTI BANAVASI KODUMURU
NARGUND

GOA ULINDAKONDA
SIDDANAGATTA
JANGAMGUNTLA

MURGOD

< 5.6 < 200

CHALAMATTI
KAPPATTAGUDA
RAMGAD
SUBRAMANYAHALLI
MADIKERE
BURUGULA
KONDAMITHIPALLI
1
VAJRAKARUR BANDERLAPALLI
SOGI BADHRAMPALLI KOTTALA TALARICHERUVU
TERANAPALLE TIRUMALAYAPALLI PAYALAKUNTLA
M.P.R. DAM KADAVAKALLU
KORRAKODU SHIVAPURAM BALAPURAM JAMALAMADUGU 1

2 A
SINGANAMALA ALANGARAPETA BADVEL

5.6 - 6.0 200 - 250

BADAVANAHALLI MADUGUPALLI JAMALAMADUGU 2

32,647
PAMPANOOR THANDA
KHANDERAYANAHALLI
VEPULAPARTHY CHILLAKONDAYAPALLE
HULIKATTE NARASIMHA KONDA
BORAMPALLI
RAMAGIRI 3 NEKHANAPURAM
TALLIMADUGULA CHIMALAPENTA
RAMAGIRI
MUSTIKOVALA
JOGIMATTI SHAHPURAM
PUTTAPARTHY YERADODDI
DAKKILI

6.0 - 6.4
NALLAKONDA
BOXAMPALLI

BYNDOOR
KARNATAKA
CHINNABABAYAPALLI

KAKULA KONDA
KOTA

2 B 250 - 300 10,819

TIRUMALA
RAMANAIDU KANDRIKA
RAMKRISHNAGRAM
AMGARHALLI
B.B. HILLS

3 6.4 - 7.0 300 - 400

GODEKERE
KONDLIBETTA BOMMANAHALLI
ENNORE 4,683 POKKADERO

HULIHALLI
HARADENAHALLI

395
PACHARLAPALLI SABARI

4 7.0 - 7.5 400 - 500

UTHANGARAI

CHANNAVADAYANPURA
NALLAMPALLY

DUBARAYAPET
5 7.5 - 8.0 500 - 600 17 PHOENIX BAY
BARKATH LINE
CHETLAT KARUMANTHURAI PANNITHITTU
BITRA
THALAVADI
KILTAN

TAMIL NADU
KADMAT
AMINI
EMERALD

6 8.0 - 8.8 600 - 800 -

THANNIRPANDAL POOMPUHAR
KOTTATHARA
NALLASINGAM EDAYARPALAYAM
AGATHI KADAMPUZHA
PONGALUR
KETHANUR

800 - 2000
ANDROTH SULTANPET

7
METTUKADAI

8.8 - 11. 9 -
ARASAMPALAYAM KEEZHAYUR
KANJIKODE SOUTH BAY
OZHALAPATHY POOLAVADI MYLAMPATTI
TOLANUR
KE

KAVARATHI POOSARIPATTI KILLUKOTTAI

KOTAMALA
MYVADI VIRALIMALAI
ANDHIYUR GANDARVAKOTTAI
GOPALAPURAM PUSHPATHUR
RA

KALUGUR
VEDARANYAM

TOTAL 48,561
LA

KALPENI KUNDALY
SAKKULATHUMEDU
ANDIPATTI
SENAPATHI
PARAMPUKETTIMEDU MEENAKSHIPURAM
KAILASAMMEDU
RAMAKALMEDU

* Note:
PULLIKANAM
VEDIKUZHI
KOLAHALAMEDU
KUTTIKANAM
PANCHALIMEDU
KEATING POINT
KULATHUMMEDU THAYILPATTI

NADUVAKKURICHI
MANGALAPURAM
AYIKUDY KAYATTAR I
ALAGIYAPANDIYAPURAM
RAMESWARAM 1.Isopleths drawn on the basis of Inverse
square interpolation of WPDs among stations.
ONAMKULAM
ACHANKUTTAM KAYATTAR II OTTAPIDARAM
NETTUR TUTICORIN
GANGAIKONDAN
TALAYATHU
PONMUDI THUPPAKUDI
VAKAIKULAM

2.Installable power on the assumption that

SERVALLAR HILLS

MARUKALKURICHI
MINYUK

1% of land becomes available for wind

VINAYAKAPURAM CHUCKMACHI
MINICOY PANAKUDI PULIYAMKULAM
KUMARAPURAM OVARI
MUPPANDAL VIKAS NAGAR
SEMBAGARA
MANPUDUR SANKANERI

farming.
KANNANKULAM
KATTADIMALAI
MUTTOM

3. An area requirement of 12 hectares/MW

assumed.
SRILANKA 4.There can be differences due to terrain
related changes in WPDs.

0 km 250 500 750 1000 km WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT UNIT

CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
CHENNAI
SEPTEMBER 2005
INDIAN OCEAN
Wind Speed Scale
Wind Speed at 10 m height Beaufort
Scale
Wind
m/s knots (outda
ted)
0.0-0.4 0.0-0.9 0 Calm
0.4-1.8 0.9-3.5 1
1.8-3.6 3.5-7.0 2 Light
3.6-5.8 7-11 3
5.8-8.5 11-17 4 Moderate
8.5-11 17-22 5 Fresh
11-14 22-28 6
Strong
14-17 28-34 7
17-21 34-41 8
Gale
21-25 41-48 9
25-29 48-56 10
Strong Gale
29-34 56-65 11
>34 >65 12 Hurricane
 LIFT
 Have a look at the animation of the cut-off profile (cross
section) of the wing of an aircraft. The reason why an
aeroplane can fly is that the air sliding along the upper surface
of the wing will move faster than on the lower surface.
 This means that the pressure will be lowest on the upper
surface. This creates the lift, i.e. the force pulling upwards that
enables the plane to fly.
 The lift is perpendicular to the direction of the wind. The lift
phenomenon has been well known for centuries to people who
do roofing work: They know from experience that roof
material on the lee side of the roof (the side not facing the
wind) is torn off quickly, if the roofing material is not properly
attached to its substructure.
 Drag or the Stall

 Stall can be provoked if the surface of

the aircraft wing - or the wind turbine
rotor blade - is not completely even
and smooth. A dent in the wing or
rotor blade, or a piece of self-adhesive
tape can be enough to start the
turbulence on the backside, even if the
angle of attack is fairly small. Aircraft
designers obviously try to avoid stall
at all costs, since an aeroplane without
the lift from its wings will fall like a
rock.
 Rotor Blades
 Changing the Wind Speed Changes Wind
Direction Relative to the Rotor Blade
 In the picture you can see how the angle of
attack of the wind changes much more
dramatically at the root of the blade (yellow
line) than at the tip of the blade (red line), as
the wind changes. If the wind becomes
powerful enough to make the blade stall , it
will start stalling at the root of the blade.
YAW Mechanism
 The wind turbine yaw mechanism is used to
turn the wind turbine rotor against the wind.
 Yaw Error
 The wind turbine is said to have a yaw
error, if the rotor is not perpendicular to the
wind. A yaw error implies that a lower share
of the energy in the wind will be running
through the rotor area. (The share will drop
to the cosine of the yaw error, for those of
you who know math).
 synopsis
 Introduction
 Wind formation and aerodynamic principles
 Wind power conversion technologies
 Wind Electric Turbine & Generator Control
Wind Power Conversion
technologies
 There is a kinetic energy in the moving air. That
is Wind
 P = ½ rAV3Cp
Where P = the power of the wind measured in W (Watt).
r = (rho) = the density of dry air = 1.225 measured in kg/m 3 (kilogrammes per cubic
metre, at average atmospheric pressure at sea level at 15° C).
v = the velocity of the wind measured in m/s (meters per second).
A= Area of the turbine in Square meters
Cp = Conversion Factor (or) Efficiency of the turbine

 The mechanical device which converts this

kinetic energy to Mechanical rotational energy is
called Wind Turbine
 Classification of turbines By Mechanical features

Turbine

Wind Number of
direction direction blades

UP DOWN TWO THREE

Vertical Horizontal
Wind
Wind Blade Blade
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines Downwind Machines Two-Bladed
 Classification of turbines By Mechanical features

Turbine

regulation BREAKING Tower

PITCH STALL Aerodynamic Mechanical Tubular Lattice

 Generators

 Turbine is connected to Generator by the means of

Gear Box or by direct coupling
 There are two different technologies in Generators
1) Synchronous
2) Asynchronous

 Two different technologies are in use for

synchronization
1) Soft Synchronization using power Electronics

2) Electro Magnetic synchronization

 Generators - Asynchronous
Advantages:
1) These generators are nothing but the induction
Motors
2) Very simple mechanism

3) There is no need of huge synchronizing and

excitation circuits

Disadvantages:
1) Draws inductive
reactance from grid
causing low power
factor
2) Requires power factor
correction circuit and
Capacitors
3) Huge wear and tear
 Generators - Synchronous
Advantages:
1) These generators can generate their own VAR

2) By changing excitation we can generate the

power at leading or lagging. No need of power
factor correction capacitors
3) Wind mills with synchronous generators will
have lesser cut-in wind speed (they can
generate power at low wind speed also)
4) There is no need of huge gear boxes

5) In certain cases the Wind mills can be operated as stand alone system
of generation
Disadvantages:
1) These generators requires huge power electronic support

2) Requires very sophisticated controls

The gear concept and gearless concept in a component

comparison

Main Shaft Generator Rotor

Generator Stator
Clutch

Axle pin
Hub

Main Bearing
Hub
Rotor Shaft Brake
Gear
Bearings Generator

Conventional Gearless
Typical Synchronous Wind Energy Converter Block Diagram
Power Block Diagram
SECTIONAL VIEW OF
E-40
HUB AND
ROTOR
IN E - 40 SHAFT /
ASSEMBLY.
AXIAL PIN WILL
BE STATIONARY.
HUB AND ROTOR
ARE DIRECTLY
CONNECETED.

AXIAL PIN
 synopsis
Introduction
Wind formation and aerodynamic principles
Wind power conversion technologies
 Manufacturing & Erection
 Wind Electric Turbine & Generator Control
 Wind and the grid
Blades taking Birth!
Large Rotor Blades
CROSS SECTION VIEW OF THE
FOUNDATION

5.10
mtrs
0.4

0.7

0.5

9.5 mtrs
BAR BENDING AND
CENTERING WORK.
CONCRETE FILLING IN TO THE
FOUNDATION.
FINAL LOOK OF THE FOUNDATION.
 Receipt of tower
sections

Unloading the
tower sections
Receiving the machine
and unloading
Blades receipt
and unloading
 Hub Erection

Nacelle
Hub

Blade
Tower
 synopsis
 Introduction
 Wind formation and aerodynamic principles
 Wind power conversion technologies
 Erection
 Operation
 Wind Electric Turbine & Generator Control
 SWITCHING OF 3ph 400V
AC SUPPLY FROM TRAFO.

SUPPLY GOES
TO GRID
WATCHING
CARD.

VOLTAGE OK? MAIN

PHASE SEQUENCE OK? YES CONTACTOR A
FREQUENCY ON.
OK ?
NO STATUS
DECLARED.
 A

ALL CARDS
RECEIVE SUPPLY.

1)BLADE
DATA STARTS PITCHING IN.
VERIFICATION YES 2) INITIAL EXCITAION B
BY MPU. CONTACTOR
GETS ON.

NO STATUS
DECLIRED.
 B

1)GRID GETS
ROTOR
CONNECTED.
SPEED
YES 2) EXCITAION GETS
INCREASES C
RELEASED.
TO
3) GENERATION
18 RPM
STARTS
NO STATUS
DECLARED.
 C

FURTHER
PITCHING WILL
CONTINUE TILL THE
TURBINE REACHES
36 rpm, DEPENDING
ON WIND.
TURBINE IS NOW
IN FULL MODE
OPERATION.
 synopsis
 Introduction
 Wind formation and aerodynamic principles
 Wind power conversion technologies
 Wind Electric Turbine & Generator Control
 Wind and the grid
 Wind Electric Turbine & Generator
Control
 Wind Electrical Converters (WEC) are very
sensitive and required many controls with very
precession
 Required controls for Rotor Speed, Temperature,
Wind Direction, Wind Speed, Power Feeding …etc
 Number of sensors, encoders, are used to achieve
this
 Wind vane and Anemometer
WIND VANE:
This is the sensor which read the wind direction. OPTICAL
technology is used to sense the Wind direction.
The feed back will be given to the yaw mechanism of the WEC to
initiate yawing to bring the turbine inline with the wind direction

Anemometer:
This is the sensor which read the wind speed. OPTO Potentiometer technology
is used to sense the Wind speed.
The feed back will be given to MPU to initiate the WEC startup as well as to
increase the excitation for higher generation
 Speed Sensor & Encoder

These Encoders works on the principle of opt coupler

at a precision of 0.6 rpm. It also will be cross checked
with second speed monitoring mechanism. If the speed
measuring between the two systems goes beyond the
preset value then the WEC will stop.

Angle encoders
There are two types of encoders- simple
encoders and the absolute encoders. Angle
encoders required absolute encoders, which
will work on optical disc method. These
absolute encoders will work on the precision of
0.8Degs.
 Oscillation sensors
These sensors are used to monitor the
oscillations in the turbine. Oscillations are the
very crucial parameter, which effects the life of
tower.

Proximity Switch
There are many places in the Wind Electric
Turbine where, these proximity switches are
used. Like speed sensor, yaw speed sensor, yaw
pad sensors, blade position sensors …etc
Wind Mill Cut View