BST161

ENVIRONMENTAL
TECHNOLOGY I
BUILDING SURVEYING
DEPARTMENT OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT STUDIES & TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT
 CLIMATE &
TOPIC ONE BALANCE DESIGN
CONCEPT
OUTLINES

 CLIMATE ZONES

 CLIMATE ELEMENTS

 CLIMATE-EMPHASIS ON WARM AND HUMID CLIMATE

 BALANCE DESIGN

 BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

 GBI IN BRIEF
➢ Relevant knowledge to reduce
Introduction
the burden on the environment
and reduce our carbon
footprint,
➢ Each one of us, in varying
degrees, bears responsibility for
the changes, which are
occurring on our planet. Humans
are the final consumers of goods
and services that are produced
using fossil fuels (oil, coal, and
natural gas), which demand
resources and energy.
Production and consumption of
fossil fuels cause emission of the
so-called greenhouse gases into
the atmosphere, which increases
the greenhouse effect and Source ttps://climate-box.com/textbooks/the-problem-of-climate-
change/2-2-effects-on-plants-and-animals/
global air temperatures. This is
the carbon footprint that we
leave on Earth
W E AT H E R A N D C L I M AT E

Weather concerns the current atmospheric conditions including

temperature, rainfall, wind, and humidity at any given place.
Weather is what is happening right now or likely to happen
tomorrow or in the very near future.
Should you wear a jacket? Will it rain tomorrow? Will we go to class
tomorrow if this heavy rain continues?

Climate accounts for all past weather events and for future climate
predictions. Accurate climate data collected over a long period can also
provide useful quantitative assessments of the likelihood of various
weather conditions in the next several years. For example, in
November, we expect it to often be rainy in Terengganu, Kelantan
and east coast area.
Climate Definition

Refer to World Meteorological Organization (WMO):

“Climate is a nature forces of ‘average weather’ driven by sun

over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or
millions of years. The classical period is 30 years. Climate
influenced the temperature, precipitations, the shifting of
seasons and wind”.
 climate zones

North
Garisan Sartan Hemisphere

Garisan Khatulistiwa

Garisan Jadi Southern

Hemisphere
 World Climatic Zones

Each of them is dominated throughout the entire year by the same air masses that are
typical of these climate zones, they are regarded as the main climate zones.
 The Köppen Climate Classification System

The most well-known classification of climates was introduced by a German Russian climatologist Wladimir
Köppen in 1884
CLIMATE ZONES
Climate is a concept used to divide the world into regions sharing
similar climatic parameters. Climate regions can be classified on the
basis of temperature and precipitation (rain, snow, freezing rain,
sleet).
Climatic zones :

1)Polar Climate – very cold and dry all year. E.g.

Antarctica, Greenland.

2)Temperate Climate- cold winters and mild

summers. E.g. Western Europe, North America

3) Dry/Arid climate - dry, hot all year, sandstorm.

World famous desert e.g. Sahara, Kalahari, Namib.
Climatic zones :

4) Tropical climate - hot and wet all year. E.g. Brazil,

Malaysia, South America, Indonesia, Myanmar,
Thailand, India.

5) Mediterranean climate – mild winters, dry hot

summers. E.g. countries located near Mediterranean
Sea.

6) Mountains climate – very cold all year . E.g.

Everest, Alps.
C L A SSIF IC AT IO N TROPICAL COUNTRIES

Tropical countries are categorized into 3 climatic zones:

1) Rainforest/ Tropical Wet Climate/ Equatorial – located

on Equator Line. E.g. Brazil, Malaysia, Hawaii, South
America. Warm and humid, high humidity with sun and rain
all season.

2) Subtropical/ Tropical monsoon climate - wet and dry

with very low humidity. Located on both sides of equator, in
both northern and southern hemisphere. E.g. Thailand,
Vietnam, Myanmar, India, Bangladesh.

3) Tropical Wet And Dry - experience three season: cool

and dry, hot and dry and hot and wet. Life depend on the
wet season’s rain, some region experience flooding during
rainy years and some suffer drought. E.g Havana (Cuba),
Kolkatta (India) and Serengeti Plain (Africa)
Factors That Effect The Type Of Climate
 Factors Affect Climate
1) Latitude
Source: www.bbc.co.uk

Temperature range increases with

distance from the equator. Also,
temperatures decrease as you
move away from the equator. This
is because the suns rays are
dispersed over A larger area of
land as you move away from the
equator. This is due to the curved
surface of the earth. In addition,
polar regions are colder because
the suns rays have further to travel
compared to place on the equator.

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/activity/latitudelongitude-
puzzle/?utm_source=BibblioRCM_Row
 2) Altitude
Temperatures decrease with height.
The air is less dense and cannot
hold heat as easily.
High-altitude locations are usually
much colder than areas closer to
sea level. This is due to the low air
Source: https://learn.e-limu.org/
pressure.
Areas are often considered "high-
altitude" if they reach at least
2,400 meters (8,000 feet) into the
atmosphere.
3) Winds
If winds are warm - they have been blown from a hot area -
they will raise temperatures. If winds have been blown from
cold areas they will lower temperatures.
Prevailing wind, trade wind

4) Distance from the sea

Land heats and cools faster than the sea.
Therefore, coastal areas have a lower
temperature range than those areas inland. On
the coast winters are mild and summers are cool.
In inland areas temperatures are high in the
summer and cold in the winter.

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zgyw4qt/revision/2
 5) SLOPES &
ASPECT
Has an impact on how much solar energy is
absorbed by that surface. Slopes facing the sun are
warmer than those that are not. Thus, south facing Spring
slopes in the northern hemisphere are usually warm.
However, slopes facing north in the southern
hemisphere are warmest

Summer Winter
North h South h date
SM W 21/5-21/7
A SP 22/8-22/10

W SM 22/11-21/1

SP A 21/2-21/4 https://www.tomorrowsharvest.com/planting-and-care/climate-zones-chill-hours/
Autumn
• Different climate emerged as a result of the solar radiation
with atmosphere and the effect of gravity along with the
division of land and sea.

• Sempadan antara iklim-iklim ini tidak tepat.

• Climate zones are areas with a relatively uniform climate.

• Similar climates form broad stripes over the world. Scientists

term them "climate zones" as they give way to each other
further away from the equator towards the poles
 tropical climate

Tropical climate can be classified to three

main groups which are:

1) Rainforest/ Tropical Wet Climate/

Equatorial

2) Subtropical/ Tropical monsoon climate

3) Tropical Wet And Dry/ Savana

1) TROPICAL RAINFOREST COUNTRIES
(MALAYSIA, BRAZIL, NIGERIA):

1) Climate in this zone is normally average and comfortable compared to other tropical zones.
2) Contain high water vapour, thus the air temperature is a bit lower than the other tropical zones.
3) High quantity of clouds produces high water evaporation due to plenty of seawater surface
surrounding (Laut China Selatan, Selat Melaka) – create clouds.
4) Clouds filter high solar transmittance and radiation.
5) Heavy rains, especially during the early term of monsoon, will reduce high temperature
6) High wind speed (more than 20m/s) especially on the early term of monsoon – could produce a
storm
7) Air temperature is normally 27°C
8) Very high humidity : tropical forests – quantity of water vapour – sun –humidity
2. SUB TROPICAL MONSOON COUNTRIES
(THAILAND, VIETNAM, MYANMAR, CAMBODIA) :

1) Climate temperature – normally higher than tropical rainforest or lower compared

to desert zones

2) The air temperature is higher than the tropical rainforest countries. Very dry
especially during the noon

3) The quantity of cloud is less compared to the tropical rainforest countries. Thus
direct sunlight – high temperature.

4) Low humidity because direct sunlight have extract all water vapour

5) Heavy rains in several places especially near the sea shore.

3. TROPICAL WET AND DRY (NORTH AFRICA, INDIA,
CENTRAL AUSTRALIA) :
1) Climates named "savanna" after the grassland habitat that is characterised by rainy and dry
seasons. Savanna regions have two season summer and winter

2) Tropical dry and wet climates are located close to the equator, just beyond the ITCZ. (ITCZ -
intertropical convergence zone, during the course of a year, it follows a pendulum-like path, moving back and
forth across the Equator with the seasons. It moves north in the summer and south in the winter in the Northern
Hemisphere.)

3) Climate relatively hot, dry season in savanna grassland cooler than the wet season , wet season
25-30°C, dry period 20-25°C, highest temperature just before rainy season in Oct,

4) Rainfall receives between 800 – 1600 mm annually, away from equator the rainfall decrease.
Rainfall from May – Sept during summer
5) The prevailing winds are the Trade Winds- easterlies that blow from east to west have enormous
impact on the rains and cause alternating dry and wet seasons
6) Summer – onshore winds brings rain, Winter – offshore winds keep savanna dry
7) Natural vegetation – tall grass and short deciduous tree
4. ARID / DESERT COUNTRIES (SAHARA, KALAHARI, AFRIKA,
AMERICA & ARAB REGION) :

1) Climate temperature – higher than tropical rainforest and sub tropical monsoon
countries, the hottest spots in the world

2) Very dry and very low humidity

3) Sky is so clear, with only a few clouds

4) Rain is very limited

5) Very hot, limited water vapour

6) Normal temperature 35-40°C

7) Received direct sunlight, because there are no clouds/ few clouds

 climatic elements

 SISTEM PEREDARAN BUMI

 ORIENTASI ATAU PAKSI PUTARAN BUMI MEMPENGARUHI KEAMATAN
SINAR MATAHARI YANG DITERIMA.

25.50

470

900

SINARAN
470 MATAHARI

25.50

Sumber: Abdul Majid Ismail

 Earth’s rotation on its axis

 Rotation is the movement of the earth around it’s axis as:

▪ Earth’s axis point towards Polaris
▪ Inclined at 66 ½° from the ecliptic plane

 Rotation is from west to east as observed from the side

 Counter-clockwise as observed from the north pole

 Rotation in and out of the sunlight causes:

 Day and night
 Diurnal variations in temperature, humidity and wind
movement
 change of seasons

spring

☺
summer winter

autumn
Annual March of Four Season
(Northern hemisphere)

 JUNE SOLSTICE – SUMMER SEASON

 SEPTEMBER EQUINOX – FALL SEASON
 DECEMBER SOLSTICE – WINTER SEASON
 MARCH EQUINOX – SPRING SEASON
 EARTH REVOLUTION AROUND THE SUN

 Revolution is the earth’s movement around the sun

 Path of the earth’s revolution is called the orbit
 The orbit is elliptical in shape. This means that at points along the orbit Earth
is closer or further from the sun.
 In January 3, the earth is at the perihelion or near the sun position (or 147.5
million km from the sun)
 On July 4, the earth is at the aphelion (far way) position in the orbit (or 152.5
million km from the sun).
 The earth moves in counter-clockwise direction and complete one full
revolution in 365 ¼ days (tropical years)
 The ¼ day adds up to one full day every four years, to give a leap year (366
days).
 Earth’s axis point always at the Polaris during revolution (polarity or
parallelism of the earth’s axis)
  PUTARAN BUMI MENGELILINGI MATAHARI DALAM BENTUK
“ELLIPSE” MENGHASILKAN MUSIM DAN IKLIM.

EKUINOKS
(MAC)

SOLTIS SOLTIS
(JUN) (DEC)

EKUINOKS
(SEPT)
Sumber: Abdul Majid Ismail
 Physical effect of Earth’s
Revolution
 The northernmost limit of overhead sun at noon as the Tropic of Cancer (Lat.
23½°N)
 The southernmost limit of overhead sun at noon as the Tropic of Capricorn
(Lat. 23½°S)
 The tropic as the sun is over (subsolar point) twice a year.
 Summer solstice which is the day in June the sun is overhead at the tropic
of cancer in the northern hemisphere. It is the beginning of the summer in
the north and winter in the south.
 Winter solstice is the day December 21 the sun is overhead at the tropic of
Capricorn; it is the beginning of the winter in the north and summer in the
south.
 Physical effects of earth’s revolution

 Spring (vernal) equinox is the day in March 21 the sun is overhead at

the equator; it is the beginning of spring in the north and fall in the
south
 Fall equinox is the day September 21 the sun is overhead at the
equator; it is the beginning of fall in the north and spring in the south.

 Length of daylight:
 = 12 hours day and 12 hours night at the equinoxes
 = Longest day of the year occurs on summer solstice
 = 24 hours of daylight beyond the polar circle on summer solstice
 = 24 hours of darkness beyond the polar circle on in winter solstice
 = Shortest day of the year occurs on winter solstice
…. wind, sky, rain, solar radiation…..????
building
introduction

survey
In the past 20 years, media reports of climate issues have largely focused on global
challenges, such as greenhouse gases or catastrophic storms like hurricanes
Harvey, Damrey, Maria, Katrina, and Nagis. Typhoon Jebi that currently hit Japan.

Beyond the headlines and behind the scenes, however, tens of thousands of
development and economic decisions are made each day with the aid of climatic
information.

building
Reliable climate information and data are necessary-directly or indirectly-to
achieve sustainable development advantages in human daily life.

surveying
Climatic Elements
The main climatic elements, regularly measured by meteorological stations, and
published in summary form are:

1) Temperature (°C)- the amount of heat energy in the air. Air temperature
measured in degree Celsius (°C), using thermometer. Dry bulb temperature or
current air temperature taken from a place shielded from the sun radiation.
Influence by topography (every 100m increase in altitude, temperature drop
10C)

2) Humidity (%) - the water vapour contained in the air. The amount varies
according to rainfall and solar radiation in a zone. Influence by water vapour
and temperature (watery surface or vegetation covered, evaporation increased
→ higher humidity (RH 40%-60%)

3) Air movement (m/s) - the moving air. It causes variations in climate by drying
humidity, causing storms and contributing to water evaporation Influence by
surface texture :
a)Topography that change wind direction.
b)Land and sea breezes 3km kilometer from coastal area.
building
climatic elements
The main climatic elements, regularly measured by meteorological stations,
and published in summary form are:

4) Precipitation – a process that ends with the fall of water, in liquid or solid
form to the earth’s surface. A large percentage of rainfall drains into lakes

surve
and rivers while the rest evaporates from the earth’s surface or passes
through plants. The total amount of rain, hail, snow dew measured in rain
gauge and expressed in mm per unit time (day, month, year).

5) Cloudiness – the number of clouds in the atmosphere. Clouds form when

y
humid air cools down to its dew point, and water droplets or ice attach to
small of dust, ash or other contaminant. Data based on visual observation
and expressed as a fraction of the sky hemisphere (tenths, or 'octas' =
eights) covered by clouds.

6) Atmospheric pressure – it is the force exerted on a given surface due to the

atmosphere. It varies vertically; the values decrease as we ascend in
altitude. Measured in unit mb(milibar) using barometer. 1 bar = 100 000
Pa.
building
climatic elements

surveying
6) Solar radiation – significantly impacts climate by providing heat. Measured by
a Pyranometer, on an unobstructed horizontal surface and recorded either as
the continuously varying irradiance (W/m2) - intensity, or through an
electronic integrator as irradiation (J/m2 or Wh/m2) – energy quantity
integrated over specified period (hour, day, month or year).

7) Sunshine duration - the period of clear sunshine (when a sharp shadow is

cast), measured by a sunshine recorder which burns a trace on a paper strip,
expressed as hours per day or month.

As the four environmental variables directly affecting thermal comfort are

temperature, humidity, solar radiation and air movement, these are the
four constituents of climate most important for the purposes of building
design. Rainfall data may sometimes be needed, such as for designing
drainage systems and assessing the level of precipitation.
 Stevenson box
Solarimeter

Fan anemometer
Microclimate
Data Logger Microclimate
Monitoring System
Climatic elements such as solar radiation, precipitation, air temperature,
wind velocity will effect the design of roof, openings (door, window) and
type of materials used for buildings.

Characteristic of climate will influence human activity in building.

It is important to design building with-nature-approach in order to

provide comfortable shelter for human being in this planet.

• Information required :
– Climatic elements influencing human comfort
interactions with the building

• Forms of information:
– Average, change & extreme conditions
 environmental
Natural Built environment features
environment
Examples of environmental
Hot dry climates Light-coloured surfaces
connection :
Roof overhang to provide shade
Openings for breezes
Courtyard to trap cooler air
Warm humid Lightweight materials
climates Building on stilts for ventilation
Cold climates High insulation
Tightly-sealed construction
Snowfalls Strong roots for load
Sloping roof to discards snow
High winds Low sunken building
Forests Timber as construction material
Loose stone or Stone as construction materials
quarries
Clay soil Brick as construction materials
Earthquake zones Lightweight flexible construction
Reinforced masonry and construction