SCHOOLS OF

PHILOSOPHY
Schools of Philosophy may be classified
as :

• Eastern Philosophy - Taoism ,

Confucianism , Judaism , Buddhism ,
Hinduism , & Shintoism .

• Western Philosophy - Ancient , Medieval

, & Modern schools.
• Aristotelianism (derived from Aristotle) - is
excessive use of discursive reason and
abstract aspects in proving scheme of things
.

• Atomism ( Greek word atoma ,”cannot be

divided) - is a rational explanation of the
general aspects of phenomena .
• Eleaticism - deals with existence , thought
and expression coalesed into one.

• Epicureanism - (derived from the philosophy

taught by Epicurus) or hedonism - means
happiness is the chief good.

• Platonism - ( derived from the teaching of

Plato) - deals with the doctrine of forms and
numbers.
• Pythagorianism - (derived from the teaching
of Pythagoras) - deals with the metaphysics
of numbers and reality - that reality is
mathematical in nature.

• Realism - objects and things exist outside

and independent of mind .

• Monasticism - moral and physical disciplines

based on worldly renunciations.
• Scholasticism - an intellectual discipline which
shows the doctrines of the church are
constant with reasons .

• Skepticism - (from Greek word , skepticos

inquiries) - is raising doubts about any
knowledge beyond the control of directly felt
experience about the world so that one still
looks for truth .
• Sophism - deals on a whole series of
questions in order to seek ample solutions
along clearly defined lines .

• Stoicism - deals on the conduct of man

characterized by peace of mind and certainty
of moral truth.
• Analytical and Linguistic - are concerned with
the close and careful examinations of
concepts .

• Developmentalism - is a child-centered point

of view based on a careful study of the child
• Disciplinism - refers to education of the whole
man through appropriate discipline.

• Empiricism- (from Greek word emperia,

“experience”) - means that what is true and
real are those that are confirmed by actual
experience.

• Existentialism - deals on the interpretation of

human existence in the world that stresses
concreteness and its problematic character.
• Humanism - stresses personal culture ,
individual freedom and development as the
best way toward full and rich lives.

• Idealism - deals with reality as spirit or

consciousness and whatever that exists are
chiefly mental or ideas and abstraction and
laws are fundamental in reality , not sensory
things .

• Materialism- deals with the world as material

things that interact with one another .
• Naturalism - is concerned with the natural
goodness of man and the formation of society
based upon the recognition of natural rights.

• Phenomenology - is concerned with the

phenomena or events that are commonly
experienced .

• Positivism - deals with knowledge of matter

that is based on positive data of experience
and is beyond pure logic and mathematics .
• Pragmatism - is concerned with what is true
and real that are useful , workable , and
practical .

• Rationalism - deals with reason as the chief

source and test of knowledge.

• Realism - refers to the philosophy that is

concerned with the activities of life and
understanding of the individual in the society
in which he lives .
• Utilitarianism - deals with the philosophy that
an action is right if it provides happiness of
individual and everyone affected ; it is wrong
if it promotes dissatisfaction and unhappines.

SUB-FIELDS OF PHILOSOPHY

• Philosophy of Arts - deals on art , aesthetic

value , expression , and other concepts that
the critic employs.
• Philosophy of Education - deals with
speculation and application of philosophical
method in the study of educational issues and
problems .

• Philosophy of History - deals with the

description of events and actions of man’s past
happenings and those that are to happen in
man .

• Philosophy of Language - deals with

languages , their meanings and how to use
and manage the language to man’s existence.
• Philosophy of Law - deals with the formulation
of theories and concepts to help man,
understand the nature of law, its sources of
authority and role in society.
• Philosophy of Logic - deals with the laws of
thought, rules of right reasoning, principles of
valid argumentation and truth based solely on
the meaning of the term they contain.
• Philosophy of Mathematics - is concerned on
the critical examination of basic mathematical
entities, mathematical theories and number
system.
• Philosophy of Mind - deals with the nature of
the mind, desire, emotion, pleasure, and pain
and how they enter into the explanation of
human action .

• Philosophy of Nature - deals with whatever

issues regarding the actual features of nature
as reality. It is divided into philosophy of
physics and philosophy of biology.

• Philosophy of Politics - deals with the question

of the origin of the state and authority and law
of the land.
• Philosophy of Psychology - deals on the
actual theories and research efforts of
contemporary psychologists.

• Philosophy of Reading - deals on a set of

beliefs on how reading should be taught
based on research and current thinking
about reading .

• Philosophy of Religion - deals on situations,

experiences, issues and problems relating to
religion and its methodology.
• Philosohy of Science - provides intellectually
and accurately satisfying explanations of a
broad range of natural phenomena.

• Philosophy of Society - deals with the

questions about personal morality in relation
to man’s existence as a member of society