Historical antecedents

in which social
considerations
changed the course of
Science & Technology
The Philosophy of Science

The field of rigorous academic

study that deals specifically
with what science is, how it
works, and the logic through
which we build scientific
knowledge.
 Concepts ass0ciated with the
Philosophy of Science
Epistemology
>deals with what knowledge is, how we
come to accept some things as true, and how
we justify that acceptance.
Empiricism
>set of philosophical approaches to building
knowledge that emphasizes the importance
of observable evidence from the natural
world.
 Concepts ass0ciated with the
Philosophy of Science
Induction
>method of reasoning in which a
generalization is argued to be true based on
individual examples that seem to fit with
that generalization.
Deduction
>method of reasoning in which conclusion is
logically reached from premises.
 Concepts ass0ciated with the
Philosophy of Science
Parsimony
>idea that, all other things being equal, we
should prefer a simpler explanation over a
more complex one.
Falsification
>that evidence can only be used to rule out
ideas, not to support them. Karl Popper
proposed that scientific ideas can only be
tested through falsification
 Concepts ass0ciated with the
Philosophy of Science
Paradigm shifts and scientific
revolutions
>a view of science which suggests that the
history of science can be divided up into
times of normal science (when scientists add
to, elaborate on, and work with a central,
accepted scientific theory) and a briefer
periods of revolutionary science.
 Concepts ass0ciated with the
Philosophy of Science
Paradigm shifts and scientific
revolutions
>Thomas Kuhn asserted that during times
of revolutionary science, anomalies refuting
the accepted theory have built up to such a
point that the old theory is broken down and
a new one is built to take its place in a so-
called “paradigm shift.”
 Historical
Development of
Science & Technology
CENTURY OF THE GENIUS
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
18 TH & 19 TH CENTURY
MODERN ERA
 Century of the Genius

>Emerged most fully during the 18th century

or Enlightenment Period.
>the Age of Enlightenment is aka Age of
Reason.
>Science during the 18th century falls into 2
categories:
Baroque Period
Classical Period
Baroque Period
 Baroque Period
Baroque Period
>started in the 17th century and lasted to the
early 18th century.
>In arts, Baroque is a period as well as the
style that used exaggerated motion and
clear, easily interpreted detail to produce
drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur
in sculpture, painting, literature, dance and
music
Classical Period
 Classical Period

Classical Period
>lasted into the early 19th century.
>it falls between the Baroque and the
Romantic periods. The classical music has a
lighter, clearer texture than the Baroque
music and is less complex.
SOME OF THE
GENIUSES
Galileo Galilie
 Galileo Galilie

Best known as: the inventor of the

astronomical telescope
>discovered a number of natural laws
>invented the microscope
>constructed a telescope
>”Father of Modern Astronomy”
>”Father of Modern Physics”
>”Father of Science”
 Johannes Kepler

Best known as: The astronomer

who explained planetary motion.
>Engaged in the study of
astronomy and developed
the Laws of Planetary Motion.
Rene Descartes
 Rene Descartes

Best Known as: The philosopher who said “I

think therefore, I am.
>often called the father of modern science
>made major contributions to modern
mathematics, especially in developing the
Cartesian coordinate system and advancing
the theory of equations.
Blaise Pascal
 Blaise Pascal
Best Known as: 17th century mathematical genius
>He published a significant work on the geometry of
conical sections when he was only sixteen
>he invented a calculating machine by the time he
was nineteen
>he & Pierre de Fermat founded the modern theory
of probability
>he described the principle that is the basis for the
hydraulic press
>he proved that there was a vacuum above the
atmosphere.
Pierre de Fermat
 Pierre de Fermat

Best known as: Pascal’s correspondence in the

formation of the modern theory of
probability
>He became a judge, but he had a passion for
mathematics and obtained many
mathematical theorems, which he
communicated to fellow mathematicians,
always remaining very secretive about his
proofs.
Isaac Newton
 Isaac Newton

Best Known as: The genius who explained

gravity
>Newton helped define the Laws of Gravity
and Planetary motion, co-founded the field
of calculus , and explained laws of light and
color.
>the SI unit of force was attributed to him.
>proposed the three Laws of Motion
Robert Boyle
 Robert Boyle
Best known as: 17th century chemist who came up
with Boyle’s Law (Law of Pressure)
>He was a 17th century intellectual whose
emphasis on experimentation and
quantification helped lay the foundation for
modern chemistry.
>He is known for Boyle’s Law, which states that
the pressure & volume of a gas at constant
temperature have an inversely proportional
relationship.
William Harvey
 William Harvey
Best known as: Studied the circulation of
blood and function of the heart.

>He understood that the heart pumped blood

from the atria into the ventricles and then
into the rest of the circulatory system, he
had no knowledge of the influence of oxygen
in the blood nor knowledge in the existence
of capillaries.
 Santorio Santorii
Best known as: Invented body thermometer

>Measured his own weight,

weight of food consumed and
urine and faeces produced, and
attributed the difference to
“insensible perspiration”,
which would now call metabolism
leading to carbon dioxide production.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Best known as: Microbiologist

>He was the first to describe a single-celled

organism that he named “animalcule”. He
was using a microscope to examine a sample
of plaque he had scraped from his own teeth
and made observation that there are bacteria
in the human mouth.
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

>Process of change from an agrarian,

handicraft economy to one dominated by
industry and machine manufacture.

>Process began in England in the 18th century

and from there spread to the rest of the
world.
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Technological Changes:
1. Use of new basic materials, chiefly iron &
steel.
2. Use of new energy source.
3. Invention of new machines.
4. New organization of work known as factory
system.
5. Important developments in transportation &
communication.
6. Increasing application of science to industry.
 19th Century Science

>By definition, it lasted from 1801-1900

according to Gregorian calendar.
>Lead to the second Industrial Revolution
through the invention of useable electricity,
steel and petroleum products.
>Age of machine tools (tools that made tools)
>Assembly line speed up factory production
>Gave birth to professional scientists.
 MODERN ERA SCIENCE

>Science through the 20th century

>Inventions have progressed at an
accelerated rate
>Began the infancy of airplanes,
automobiles, spaceships, computers,
cell phones and wireless internet.
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Science & Technology in the Philippines
represents the wide scientific and technological
advances the Philippines has made.
The main managing agency responsible for S&T
is the Department of Science & Technology
(DOST).
The Science department have consulting agencies
for Forestry, Agriculture & Aquaculture, Metal
Industry, Nuclear Research, Food & Nutrition,
Health, Meteorological & the Volcanology &
Seismology