Properties of engineering materials

Chapter 3 -
 materials

• Metals (ferrous and non ferrous)

• Ceramics
• Polymers
• Composites
• Advanced (biomaterials, semi
conductors)

Chapter 3 - 2
 Properties

• Optical
• Electrical
• Thermal
• Mechanical
• Magnetic
• Deteriorative

Chapter 3 - 3
The Structure of Crystalline Solids

- Crystalline : atoms/ crystals

- Non crystalline or amorphous
- Solidification?

Chapter 3 - 4
Packing of crystals:
Non dense =random
Dense = regular

Chapter 3 - 5
 Unit cell and lattice parameters

• Unit cell : small repeated

entities
• It is the basic structural unit or
building block of the crystal
structure
• Its geometry is defined in
terms of 6 lattice parameters:
3 edges length (a, b, c)
3 interaxial angles

Chapter 3 - 6
Unit cell parameters

Chapter 3 - 7
Chapter 3 - 8
 Metallic crystals

• 3 crystal structures:
– Face-Centered Cubic FCC
– Body-Centered Cubic BCC
– Hexagonal close-packed HCP

• Characterization of Crystal structure:

– Number of atoms per unit cell
– Coordination number (Number of nearest
neighbor or touching atoms)
– Atomic Packing Factor (APF) : what fraction of
the cube is occupied by the atoms
Chapter 3 - 9
 The Body-Centered Cubic Crystal
Structure

• Coordination no. = ?

• Number of atoms per unit

cell = ? ?
• what fraction of the cube is
occupied by the atoms or
Atomic packing factor

Chapter 3 - 10
The Body-Centered Cubic Crystal
Structure

Chapter 3 - 11
 APF = 0.68 solve ?
Relation between r and a

Chapter 3 - 12
Solution

Chapter 3 - 13
 The Face-Centered Cubic Crystal
Structure

• Coordination no. = ?

• Number of atoms per unit

cell = ? ?
• what fraction of the cube is
occupied by the atoms or
Atomic packing factor

Chapter 3 - 14
The Face-Centered Cubic Crystal
Structure

Chapter 3 - 15
 APF = 0.74 solve ?
Relation between r and a

Chapter 3 - 16
Solution

Chapter 3 - 17
The Hexagonal Close-Packed Crystal
Structure

Chapter 3 - 18
 HCP

• The coordination number and APF

for HCP crystal structure are same
as for FCC: 12 and 0.74,
respectively.

• HCP metal includes: cadmium,

magnesium, titanium, and zinc.

Chapter 3 - 19
Examples

Chapter 3 - 20
Polymorphism

Chapter 3 - 21
Crystallographic Points,
Directions, and Planes

Chapter 3 - 22
 POINT COORDINATES

Point position Z
specified in terms
of its coordinates 1,1,1
as fractional
multiples of the
unit cell edge 0,0,0
Y
lengths
( i.e., in terms of X
a b and c)

Chapter 3 - 23
Solve point coordinates (2,3,5,9)

Chapter 3 - 24
solution

Chapter 3 - 25
 Crystallographic directions
1- A vector of convenient length is positioned such that
it passes through the origin of the coordinate system.
Any vector may be translated throughout the crystal
lattice without alteration, if parallelism is maintained.
2. The length of the vector projection on each of the
three axes is determined; these are measured in
terms of the unit cell dimensions a, b, and c.
3. These three numbers are multiplied or divided by a
common factor to reduce them to the smallest
integer.
4. The three indices, not separated by commas, are
enclosed as [uvw]. The u, v, and w integers
correspond to the reduced projections along x, y, and
z axes, respectively.
Chapter 3 - 26
Example

Chapter 3 - 27
Solution

Chapter 3 - 28
 Z

[0 1 0]
[1 0 1]

Chapter 3 - 29
 Planes ( miller indices)

1- If the plane passes through the selected origin, either another parallel plane
must be constructed within the unit cell by an appropriate translation, or a
new origin must be established at the corner of another unit cell.

2. At this point the crystallographic plane either intersects or parallels each of

the three axes; the length of the planar intercept for each axis is determined
in terms of the lattice parameters a, b, and c.

3. The reciprocals of these numbers are taken. A plane that parallels an axis
may be considered to have an infinite intercept, and, therefore, a zero index.

4. If necessary, these three numbers are changed to the set of smallest integers
by multiplication or division by a common factor.

5. Finally, the integer indices, not separated by commas, are enclosed within
parentheses, thus: (hkl).

Chapter 3 - 30
example

Chapter 3 - 31
Solution

Chapter 3 - 32
 Example : solve

X
Chapter 3 - 33
 solve

z
c

z
y
c a b

x
 y

a b
x Chapter 3 - 34
 Crystallographic Planes
z
example a b c
1. Intercepts 1 1  c
2. Reciprocals 1/1 1/1 1/
1 1 0
3. Reduction 1 1 0 y
a b
4. Miller Indices (110)
x
z
example a b c
1. Intercepts 1/2   c
2. Reciprocals 1/½ 1/ 1/
2 0 0
3. Reduction 2 0 0
y
4. Miller Indices (100) a b
x
Chapter 3 - 35
 Crystallographic Planes
z
example a b c c
1. Intercepts 1/2 1 3/4 
2. Reciprocals 1/½ 1/1 1/¾
2 1 4/3  y

3. Reduction 6 3 4 a b

4. Miller Indices (634) x

Chapter 3 - 36
Chapter 3 - 37