INTERRUPTS

• Interrupt is a mechanism by which an I/O or an instruction can

suspend the normal execution of processor and get itself serviced. Its
considered to be an emergency which needs to be serviced
 INTERRUPTING PROCESS
• After receiving an interrupt signal from the peripheral, the
microprocessor executes current instruction completely.
• Store the contents of program counter i.e. return address on the stack
and then executes interrupts service (ISR) to provide service to the
interrupting device.
• After servicing the device, the microprocessor transfer program
control back to the program where interrupt occurs by reloading the
content of program counter which has been stored on the stack when
an interrupt occurs
INTERRUPTING PROCESS
CLASSIFICATION OF INTERRUPTS
 HARDWARE INTERRUPT
• Non maskable interrupt
The MPU is interrupted when a logic signal is applied to this
type of input. Can not be delayed or Rejected
• Maskable interrupt
The MPU is interrupted ONLY if that particular input is
enabled.
• It is enabled or disabled under program control.
• If disabled, an interrupt signal is ignored by the MPU
Representation of maskable and non-maskable
interrupts
 SOFTWARE INTERRUPT

• The software interrupts are program instructions. These

instructions are inserted at desired locations in a program
• They allow the microprocessor to transfer program control from the
main
• program to the subroutine program. After completing the subroutine
program,
• the program control returns back to the main program
EEPROM(Electrically Erasable programmable Read-
only Memory)
• EEPROM(Electrical Erasable Programmable Read-only Memory
(ROM) that can be erased and reprogrammed.
• The read only memory consist of single transistor (ROM and
EPROM cell consist of one)
• Is replacement for PROM and EPROM
 EEPROM CONTINUE……
• Eeprom is non volatile memory
• Power does not have to be supplied to maintain values stored
in EEPROM
• EEPROM values are maintained when power is shut off
• EEPROM is not affected if program memory is rewritten (new
program loaded)
• EEPROM can be written/erased at least 100,000 times.
 ADVANTAGE OF EEPROM MEMORY
• We can program and erase the contents of EEPROM without
removing the chip from the computer
• We can erase the data on EEPROM byte by byte basis
• We can reprogram EEPROM infinite number of times
• The method of erasing the data is immediate and is electrical
 DISADVANTAGES OF EEPROM MEMORY
• There is a requirement of different 2 voltages for erasing,
reading and writing the data onto the EEPROM memory
• EEPROM has limited retention time
• Its expensive as compared to the PROM and EPROM
• The serial EEPROM memory requires more time for execution
 TIMERS
Is a set of registers together doing the same time being
operations,
The difference is, in microcontroller the time being operation
was dependent on crystal oscillator we used in microcontroller.

TYPES OF TIMER
i. Timer 0
ii. Timer 1
 FUNCTIONS OF TIMER
i. Keeping time and calculating the amount of time between
the events,
ii. Counting the event themselves,
iii. Generating baud rate for serial communication.
 APPLICATIONS OF TIMER
i. Communications - generating pulses/signal modulation and
watchdog timers,
ii. Manufacturing industry – counting objects, measuring
intervals.