M

Lesson 4.1 G BM

KM
B

K
CL

Introduction to Stability
G

DISPLACEMENT
CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions
2. Stability Reference Points
3. Stability Triangle
4. Conditions of Stability
5. Stability Curve
6. Ship’s Hull Markings
7. Draft Diagram and Cross Curves
8. Model
STABILITY - THE TENDENCY OF A SHIP TO
ROTATE ONE WAY OR THE OTHER (TO RIGHT
ITSELF OR OVERTURN)

INITIAL STABILITY - THE STABILITY OF A

SHIP IN THE RANGE FROM 0° TO 7°/10°

OVERALL STABILITY - A GENERAL MEASURE OF

A SHIP'S ABILITY TO RESIST CAPSIZING IN A
GIVEN CONDITION OF LOADING

DYNAMIC STABILITY - THE WORK DONE IN

HEELING A SHIP TO A GIVEN ANGLE OF HEEL
 LAWS OF BUOYANCY
• A FLOATING OBJECT HAS THE PROPERTY OF
BUOYANCY

• A FLOATING BODY DISPLACES A VOLUME

OF WATER EQUAL IN WEIGHT TO THE
WEIGHT OF THE BODY.
G

00

DISPLACEMENT
G

04

DISPLACEMENT
G

09

DISPLACEMENT
G
B

16

DISPLACEMENT
G
B

20

DISPLACEMENT
 LAWS OF BUOYANCY
• A FLOATING OBJECT HAS THE PROPERTY
OF BUOYANCY
• A FLOATING BODY DISPLACES A VOLUME
OF WATER EQUAL IN WEIGHT TO THE
WEIGHT OF THE BODY.
• A BODY IMMERSED (OR FLOATING) IN
WATER WILL BE BUOYED UP BY A FORCE
EQUAL TO THE WEIGHT OF THE WATER
DISPLACED.
 DISPLACEMENT
• THE WEIGHT OF THE VOLUME OF WATER
THAT THE SHIP'S HULL IS DISPLACING
• UNITS OF WEIGHT
LONG TON = 2240 LBS
SHORT TON = 2000 LBS
METRIC TON = 2204.72 LBS
FORCE: A PUSH OR A PULL. IT TENDS TO
PRODUCE MOTION OR A CHANGE
IN MOTION.

UNITS: TONS, POUNDS, ETC.

PARALLEL FORCES MAY BE COMBINED INTO

ONE FORCE EQUAL TO THE SUM OF ALL
FORCES ACTING IN THE SAME DIRECTION AND
SO LOCATED TO PRODUCE THE SAME EFFECT.
5T
5T 15T
5T
WEIGHT: GRAVITATIONAL FORCE.
DIRECTION TOWARD CENTER OF EARTH
UNITS: TONS, POUNDS, etc

MOMENT: THE TENDENCY OF A FORCE TO

PRODUCE ROTATION ABOUT AN AXIS

d
a F

MOMENT = F x d
VOLUME - NUMBER OF CUBIC UNITS
IN AN OBJECT
UNITS: CUBIC FEET
CUBIC INCHES
V=LxBxD
V = 30 FT x 20 FT x 6 FT
V = 3600 FT3

6 FT
SPECIFIC VOLUME - VOLUME PER UNIT
WEIGHT
UNITS: CUBIC FEET PER TON
SW = 35 FT3/TON
FW = 36 FT3/TON
DFM = 43 FT3/TON

WT = VOLUME
SP. VOL
WT = 3600FT3 V = 3600 FT3
35 FT3/TON
6 FT

WT = 102.86 TONS
CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions
2. Stability Reference Points
3. Stability Triangle
4. Conditions of Stability
5. Stability Curve
6. Ship’s Hull Markings
7. Draft Diagram and Cross Curves
8. Model
STABILITY REFERENCE POINTS

Metacenter

Gravity

Buoyancy

K eel
CL
STABILITY REFERENCE POINTS

Mother

Goose

Beats

K ids
CL
 RESERVE BUOYANCY
WATERLINE

THE CENTER OF
B1
BUOYANCY
B
RESERVE BUOYANCY, FREEBOARD, DRAFT
AND DEPTH OF HULL

RESERVE BUOYANCY
WATERLINE

B
CENTER OF BUOYANCY

WL

BB BBB
CENTER OF BUOYANCY

B
B
B
B
B
B
B
 G1

THE CENTER OF
G

GRAVITY
KG1
KGo

G1
G

KGo
KG1
 CENTER OF GRAVITY
• POINT AT WHICH ALL WEIGHTS COULD
BE CONCENTRATED.

• CENTER OF GRAVITY OF A SYSTEM OF

WEIGHTS IS FOUND BY TAKING
MOMENTS ABOUT AN ASSUMED CENTER
OF GRAVITY, MOMENTS ARE SUMMED
AND DIVIDED BY THE TOTAL WEIGHT
OF THE SYSTEM.
 MOVEMENTS IN THE
CENTER OF GRAVITY

• G MOVES TOWARDS A WEIGHT ADDITION

 G1

KG1
KGo
 MOVEMENTS IN THE
CENTER OF GRAVITY

• G MOVES TOWARDS A WEIGHT ADDITION

• G MOVES AWAY FROM A WEIGHT REMOVAL

 G1
G
G
G
G
G
G
G

KG1
KGo
 MOVEMENTS IN THE
CENTER OF GRAVITY

• G MOVES TOWARDS A WEIGHT ADDITION

• G MOVES AWAY FROM A WEIGHT REMOVAL

• G MOVES IN THE DIRECTION OF A WEIGHT

SHIFT
G G2
METACENTER
THE
M

METACENTER
B
B1 B2

M20
M45
M
M70
B

B20 B70
B45
METACENTER

BBBBBBB
METACENTER

B SHIFTS
 o o
0 -7/10

CL
 M20

B B20
 M20
M45
M

B20 B45
 M20
M45
M
M70
B

B20 B70
B45
 M45 M20
B M70
CL

M
M90
B20
B90
B45
B70
 MOVEMENTS OF THE
METACENTER
THE METACENTER WILL CHANGE
POSITIONS IN THE VERTICAL PLANE WHEN
THE SHIP'S DISPLACEMENT CHANGES

THE METACENTER MOVES IAW THESE

TWO RULES:
1. WHEN B MOVES UP M MOVES DOWN.
2. WHEN B MOVES DOWN M MOVES UP.
M1
M
M
M1
M
M
M1 M
M1
G
G
G
G
G
B1 B
B
B
B
B
 LINEAR MEASUREMENTS IN
STABILITY

M
GM
G BM

KM
KG B

K
CL
CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions
2. Stability Reference Points
3. Stability Triangle
4. Conditions of Stability
5. Stability Curve
6. Ship’s Hull Markings
7. Draft Diagram and Cross Curves
8. Model
 M M
G

CL

THE STABILITY
TRIANGLE G Z
 MMMM
M

G
GG
G Z

B BB
B BB1B1B1 1

K KK
KK

CL
Sin q = opp / hyp M
Where:
opposite = GZ
hypotenuse = GM

Sin q = GZ / GM
GZ = GM x Sin q

G Z
Growth of GZ a GM
M

CL
 M

AS GM DECREASES
RIGHTING ARM
ALSO DECREASES

G1 Z1

G Z
 M
INITIAL
STABILITY
G

0 - 7°

CL
 M

OVERALL
STABILITY
G Z

B B1

RM = GZ x Wf
CL
CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions
2. Stability Reference Points
3. Stability Triangle
4. Conditions of Stability
5. Stability Curve
6. Ship’s Hull Markings
7. Draft Diagram and Cross Curves
8. Model
 M

G Z THE THREE CONDITIONS

B1
OF STABILITY
POSITIVE

G M

B
B1

G
NEUTRAL
M

B
B1

NEGATIVE
POSITIVE STABILITY

CL
POSITIVE STABILITY

G Z

B
B1

K
NEUTRAL STABILITY

M G

CL
NEUTRAL STABILITY

M G

B
B1

K
NEGATIVE STABILITY
G
M

CL
NEGATIVE STABILITY
G
M

B
B1

K
CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions
2. Stability Reference Points
3. Stability Triangle
4. Conditions of Stability
5. Stability Curve
6. Ship’s Hull Markings
7. Draft Diagram and Cross Curves
8. Model
 RIGHTING ARM CURVE
RIGHTING ARMS (FT)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ANGLE OF HEEL (DEGREES)

60°
40°
20°
G Z G Z G Z
B B B

GZ = 1.4 FT GZ = 2.0 FT GZ = 1 FT
 ANGLE OF
MAXIMUM RIGHTING MAXIMUM

RIGHTING ARMS (FT)

ARM RIGHTING
ARM
MAXIMUM
DANGER RANGE OF
ANGLE STABILITY

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ANGLE OF HEEL (DEGREES)

60°
40°
20°
G Z G Z G Z
B B B

GZ = 1.4 FT GZ = 2.0 FT GZ = 1 FT
CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions
2. Stability Reference Points
3. Stability Triangle
4. Conditions of Stability
5. Stability Curve
6. Ship’s Hull Markings
7. Draft Diagram and Cross Curves
8. Model
LONGITUDINAL CROSS SECTION
CALCULATIVELIMITINGNAVIGATIONAL

AP MP FP

PROJ
30 30
20 9 9 20
9
8
8
7
26
5
4
8
7
9
8
DWL

BL

LBP
CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions
2. Stability Reference Points
3. Stability Triangle
4. Conditions of Stability
5. Stability Curve
6. Ship’s Hull Markings
7. Draft Diagram and Cross Curves
8. Model
 DRAFT DIAGRAM AND FUNCTIONS OF FORM
AFTER FORWARD
DRAFT MOMENT TO TRANSERSE
TONS LONGITUDINAL DRAFT
MARKS ALTER TRIM METACENTER MARKS
ABOVE BOTTOM PER CENTER OF
(FT) ONE INCH OF KEEL INCH BUOYANCY (FT)
(FOOT-TONS) DISPLACEMENT
(TONS) (FT) (TONS/IN) (FEET)
17 17
800 22.2 5 16
16 33
4000 4
15 22.3 3 15
22.4 2
750 3500 32 1
14 22.5 14
700 31 1
13 3000 22.6 2 13
650 30 3
22.7 4
12 600 29 5 12
2550 22.8
550 28 11
11
CURVE OF CENTER OF FLOTATION

30 20 10

Length Between Draft Marks 397' 0"

DRAFT FWD = 14 FT 6 IN KM = 22.28 FT

DRAFT AFT = 16 FT 3 IN TPI = 32.7 TONS/IN
Wo = 3850 TONS LCB = 3.5 FT AFT
MT1" = 778 FT-TONS/IN LCF = 24 FT AFT
 FFG 7
CROSS CURVES OF STABILITY
CENTER OF GRAVITY ASSUMED
19.0 FT ABOVE THE BASELINE
3.0
10o = .55 FT
2.5 50 15o = .85 FT
45 55
20o = 1.1 FT
40 60
RIGHTING ARMS (FT) 2.0 30o = 1.73 FT
40o = 2.35 FT
1.5 30 45o = 2.55 FT
50o = 2.6 FT
1.0 20
55o = 2.5 FT
15
60o = 2.3 FT
0.5 10

3000 3500 4000 4500

DISPLACEMENT (TONS)
10o = .55 FT STATICAL STABILITY CURVE PLOTTING SHEET
15o = .85 FT 5
20o = 1.1 FT
30o = 1.73 FT
40o = 2.35 FT
RIGHTING ARMS (FT)

45o = 2.55 FT 4
50o = 2.6 FT
55o = 2.5 FT
60o = 2.3 FT 3
X X X
X X
2
X

1 X
X
X
0X 57.3
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ANGLE OF INCLINATION - DEGREES