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036 - Andersson - Groot - Norpie
036 - Andersson - Groot - Norpie
1
Purpose and Method
• Hybrid electric vehicle: demands on an efficient
energy storage system
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Energy Storage
• Energy- and power density
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Supercapacitor
A.k.a Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC), Ultracapacitor,
Electrochemical Capacitor (EC)
1000-2000m2/kg
A
C 10-100 F/g
d
5Å
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Battery - Supercapacitor
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Simulation of the system
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Performance Parameters
• Reducing of RMS-current
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Load Cycle (ECE15-L)
10
• Acceleration
0
-5 • Constant velocity
P[W/kg]
-10
-15
• Regenerative braking
-20
-25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
t[s]
8
Control Strategy
2000
1000
• Low pass filtering
0
• Braking energy to EC
P[W] -1000
-2000 • Loading of EC
-3000
EC Power
Load Power
Battery Power
-4000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
t[s]
9
Control Strategy
2000
1000
• Low pass filtering
0
• Braking energy to EC
P[W] -1000
-2000 • Loading of EC
-3000
EC Power
Load Power
Battery Power
-4000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
t[s]
10
Test System
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Test System
• EC
10 units 2.5V, 2600F /
28 units 2.0V, 2700F
• Battery
50V / 100V, 60Ah
NiMH
• DC/DC
160 kW, 330A
2-quadrants DC/DC
converter
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Results
- simulations and experiment
4000
Load Power Sim.
Load Power Exp.
3000 Battery Power Exp.
1000
• EC, 56V 0
P[W] -1000
-2000
of 250 kg -5000
-6000
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Results
- system performance
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Example
-Simplified system for a city bus, 220kW
NiMH-battery + EC NiMH-battery
Battery 310 kg Battery 1150 kg
EC 280 kg DC/DC 45 kg
DC/DC 90 kg
Weight reduction: 43 %
15
Conclusions
Drawbacks Advantages
• Complexity • Weight reduction
• Difficult to estimate • Improved battery lifetime
the price • Reduced temperature
• Not tested in full scale dependency
• EC could replace batteries
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