Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Question 1- Define the following:
HO 1 2 3 H HO H
HO 1 2 3 4 H
Longer polymer
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
Fig. 5-2b
HO 1 2 3 4 H
HO 1 2 3 H HO H
Animation: Disaccharides
1–4
glycosidic
linkage
0.5 µm
1 µm
Amylose Glycogen
Amylopectin
10 µm
0.5 µm
Cellulose
molecules
b Glucose
monomer
Question 8 – Why is cellulose important for humans? Cows? Termites?
(a) The structure (b) Chitin forms the (c) Chitin is used to make
of the chitin exoskeleton of a strong and flexible
monomer. arthropods. surgical thread.
Question 9 – What is the main trait that all lipids share?
Fatty acid
(palmitic acid)
Glycerol
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat
Fig. 5-11
Fatty acid
(palmitic acid)
Glycerol
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat
Ester linkage
Animation: Fats
Structural
formula of a
saturated fat
molecule
Stearic acid, a
saturated fatty
acid
(a) Saturated fat
Structural formula
of an unsaturated
fat molecule
Oleic acid, an
unsaturated
fatty acid
cis double
bond causes
(b) Unsaturated fat bending
Question 11 – Saturated/unsaturated fats, cont.
Saturated fats:
• are solid at room temperature
• are found in animals
• Are associated with cardiovascular disease
• Hydrogenation is the process of converting unsaturated
fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
• Hydrogenating vegetable oils also creates unsaturated fats
with trans double bonds
• These trans fats may contribute more than saturated fats to
cardiovascular disease
Unsaturated fats:
• Fats made from unsaturated fatty acids are called
unsaturated fats or oils, and are liquid at room temperature
• are liquid at room temperature
• usually come from plants and fish
• are associated with healthy cardiovascular systems
In a phospholipid, two
Hydrophilic head
Fatty acids
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tails
Hydrophilic WATER
head
Hydrophobic
WATER
tail
Question 15 – Describe the structure of steroids. Why is cholesterol important to
humans?
Substrate
(sucrose)
Glucose
Enzyme
(sucrase)
OH
H2O
Fructose
HO
Question 18 – Draw the basic structure of an amino acid.
Amino
Carboxyl
Group
Group
Polar
Electrically
charged
Acidic Basic
Peptide
bond
(a)
Side chains
Peptide
bond
Backbone
pleated sheet
+H N
3
Amino end
Examples of
amino acid
subunits
helix
Sickle-Cell Disease: A Change in
Primary Structure
Exposed
Secondary Secondary hydrophobic
and tertiary subunit and tertiary region subunit
structures structures
10 µm 10 µm
10 µm 10 µm
DNA
1 Synthesis of
mRNA in the
nucleus mRNA
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
Fig. 5-26-2
DNA
1 Synthesis of
mRNA in the
nucleus mRNA
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
mRNA
2 Movement of
mRNA into cytoplasm
via nuclear pore
Fig. 5-26-3
DNA
1 Synthesis of
mRNA in the
nucleus mRNA
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
mRNA
2 Movement of
mRNA into cytoplasm Ribosome
via nuclear pore
3 Synthesis
of protein
Amino
Polypeptide acids
The Structure of Nucleic Acids
5 end
Nitrogenous bases
Pyrimidines
5 C
3 C
Nucleoside
Nitrogenous
base Cytosine (C) Thymine (T, in DNA) Uracil (U, in RNA)
Purines
Phosphate
group Sugar
5 C (pentose)
Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
3 C (b) Nucleotide
Sugars
3 end
(a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
5'C
3'C
Nucleoside
Nitrogenous
base
5'C
Phosphate 3'C
group Sugar
5'C (pentose)
3' end
(a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
Nucleotide Monomers
Sugar-phosphate
backbones
Old strands
Nucleotide
about to be
added to a
new strand
3' end
5' end
New
strands