DATA COMMUNICATION

AND NETWORKING
DATA COMMUNICATION
When we communicate, we are sharing
information.

The sharing can be local or remote.

Between individuals communication occurs
face to face.

Remote communication takes place over

distance.
 “TELECOMMUNICATION”

Reflects communication at a
distance.
Tele is a Greek Oriented
word means “far”.
 “DATA”

can be a text, voice,

multimedia, etc.
 Data Communication
z Data communication means exchange of
information in the form of data between
two devices via some form of transmission
media such as a wired cable or air in case of
Protocol wireless medium.
Protocol
Rules Rules
. .
. Message .
. .

Transmission Medium

Sender Receiver
FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
The effectiveness of a Data
Communication depends on four
fundamental characteristics:
Delivery
Accuracy
Timelines
Jitter
Fundamental Characteristics to
determine the effectiveness
1. Delivery:
Data must be delivered to the correct destination.
2. Accuracy:
The information should be received accurately.
3. Timelines:
The data must reach on time. Just imagine not every
time you will be sending emails. If you are
transmitting a video and the message is not reached
on time, it will cause severe problems to your
transmission.

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Fundamental Characteristics to
determine the effectiveness
4. Jitter:
Jitter refers to the variation in the packet
arrival time. It is the uneven delay in the
delivery of Audio or video Packets.

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Five Components of Data
Communication

1.Message
2.Sender
3.Receiver
4.Medium
5.Protocol
 Five Components of Data
Communication
1. Message: data.
2. Sender: The device that send the message.
3. Receiver: The device that receive the message.
4. Transmission Medium:
The physical path by which a message can be
conveyed between sender and receiver, the message
travel.
5. Protocol: Protocol is a set of rules that
governs data communication. It represents an
agreement between the communicating devices.
Without a protocol, two devices may be connected
but not communicating.
Physical vs. Wireless Media
Physical Media Wireless Media
Twisted Pair Cable Broadcast radio
Coaxial Cable Cellular radio
Fibre Optic Cable Microwave
Satellite
Infrared
Bluetooth
Wifi
 Data Representation
Information today comes in different forms such as;
 Texts
Examples are 32 bit/ 64 bit etc.
 Numbers
Example is ASCII
 Images
Composed of Pixels
 Audio
 Video
Both Audio and Video are different from Text,
Numbers and Images. They are real time analog
signals which are Data
converted to discrete values.
Com & Networks LLU by
Bilal Ahmad 16
Direction of Data Flow
Transmission mode is referred to direction of data
that flow between two devices. The direction of
data that flow between two devices can be
simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex
Direction of Data Flow

Simplex

Half Duplex

Full Duplex

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Direction of Data Flow

Simplex Mode
 Unidirectional Communication
 Only one of the two devices on a link can
transmit and the other can only receive
Example: Keyboard, Radio, TV…
Direction of Data Flow
Advantage:
Simplex mode can use the entire capacity of the
channel to send data in one direction.
Disadvantage:
Receiving device cannot reply back to sending
device.
When should Simplex be used?
Simplex mode should be used when only one
direction of communication is needed without
return.
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Direction of Data Flow
Half-duplex Mode
 Bidirectional Communication
 Each station can both transmit and receive,
but not at the same time
 When one device is sending, the other can
only receive, and vice versa

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Direction of Data Flow
 The half-duplex mode is like a one-lane
road (small road) with traffic allowed in
both directions. When cars are traveling
in one direction, cars going the other
way must wait.
 Practical example is Walkie-talkie or I-
Com (Internal Communications)

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Direction of Data Flow
Advantage:
Entire capacity of a channel is taken over by whichever
of the two devices is transmitting at the time
Disadvantage:
Both communicating devices cannot transmit data at all
time.
When should Half-duplex be used?
Half-duplex mode is used in cases where there is no
need for communication in both directions at the same
time

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Direction of Data Flow
Full-duplex Mode (Duplex)
 Bidirectional Communication
 Both stations can transmit and receive
simultaneously
 In full-duplex mode, signals going in one
direction share the capacity of the link with
signals going in the other direction.

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Direction of Data Flow

 The full-duplex mode is like a two-way street with

traffic flowing in both directions at the same time
 One common example of full-duplex communication
is the telephone network. When two people are
communicating by a telephone line, both can talk and
listen at the same time.

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Direction of Data Flow
Advantage:
Both stations can send and receive at the same time.
Disadvantage:
the capacity of the channel must be divided between
the two directions.
When should Full-duplex be used?
The full-duplex mode is used when communication in
both directions is required all the time.

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Type of Connection
Type of Connection
Type of connection is referred to the way of two or
more devices connected through a link. A link is
a communications pathway that transfers data
from one device to another.

There are two possible types of connections:

• Point-to-Point Connection
• Multipoint Connection

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Type of Connection
Point-to-Point Connection
A point-to-point connection provides a dedicated
link between two devices. The entire capacity
of the link is reserved for transmission between
those two devices.
Most point-to-point connections use an actual
length of wire or cable to connect the two
ends, but other options, such as microwave or
satellite links, are also possible.

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Type of Connection

When you change television channels by infrared

remote control, you are establishing a point-to-
point connection between the remote control
and the television's control system.

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Type of Connection
Multipoint Connection
A multipoint (also called multidrop) connection is a
connection which more than two specific devices
share a single link.

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Type of Connection
In a multipoint environment, the capacity
of the channel or link is shared, either
spatially or temporally.
 If several devices can use the link
simultaneously, it is a spatially shared
connection.
 If users must take turns, it is a
timeshared connection.

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Computer Network
Interconnection of two or more computers and
peripherals

Allows user to share and transfer information.

Criteria of a Network
A Network must be efficient and effective. The
criteria is:
1. Performance
2. Reliability
3. Security

Here is a group activity for you. Consider two

mobile networks Smart and Globe. On the
basis of above criteria debate which is the best
network? And why it is the best network. Work
in groups of 2.
Criteria of a Network
1. Performance is a measurement of various
factors such as the amount of time requires for
messages to travel from one device to another,
the time it requires to get a response starting from
an inquiry.
Criteria of a Network
1. Performance of a network, however also
depends on a number of factors such as number
of active users, type of the transmission medium,
capabilities of the connected hardware and
efficiency of the software etc.
Criteria of a Network
2. Reliability
Network reliability is measured by the frequency
of failure, time it takes to recover from failure, the
network’s robustness. If a network isn’t reliable it
would be hard to transfer big data as the
connection might loss in the midway and can
make longer delay than expected.
Criteria of a Network
3. Security
Network must be secured. The data that is sent
should reach its destination safely without any
third-party reading or altering or destroying the
data in the midway. Along with this, a network
must have secured procedures to recover from
data losses and breaches.