Fundamentals of Music

Functions of Music
• Aesthetics • Medium between
God and People
• Emotional Appeal
• Comparison in Work
• Nationalistic Fervor
• Entertainment
• Artistic Forms and
Academic • Marketing
Disciplines
Commonly Used Musical Symbols
STAFF

time signature sharp flat

bar
4
4 tie

notes rest slur

G-
F- clef
leger line
 NOTATION:
Symbols of Duration
 NOTATION:
Symbols of Duration
1

2
CLEF
 NOTATION:
Reading Notes on the Staff
PITCH NAMES SO- FA Syllables

C Do
D Re
E Mi
F Fa
G Sol
A La
B Ti
 NOTATION:
Reading Notes on the Staff

Fine E
Does C
Boy A
Good F
Every
Anything Grass
Forget Eat
Don't Cows
Boys All
G ood
 NOTATION:
Reading Notes on the Staff

BD
F A
EA B
AD ADED EDDD E A
D D
C BB E
AE BC AADD
G E
 NOTATION:
Reading Notes on the Staff

BD
F A
EA B
AD ADED EDDD E A
D D
C BB E
AE BC AADD
G E
 NOTATION:
Reading Notes on the Staff
 NOTATION:
Reading Notes on the Staff
 Elements of Music:
RHYTHM
Is the most important element of music.

It is the lifeblood of music.

It is the flow or movement of

sound through time.
 Elements of Music:
RHYTHM

BEAT METER

TIME SIGNATURE
BEATS and METER
TIME SIGNATURE

tells how many beats

are there in a measure

tells us which note gets

one beat
 Activities for RHYTHM
1 Draw bar lines to divide the notes pattern into equal beat
patterns based on the given meter.

A. duple meter
B. duple meter
C. triple meter
D. quadruple meter
E. triple meter
 Activities for RHYTHM
2 Study the note and rest pattern below. Encircle the
correct time signature basing on the given pattern.
2 3 4
A. 4 4 4
2 3 4
B. 4 4 4
2 3 4
C. 4 4 4
2 3 4
D. 4 4 4
2 3 4
E. 4 4 4
 Activities for RHYTHM
3 With the given time signature, identify t he missing note/
rest every measure. Draw the rest/ note on the blank.
3
A. 4

6
B. 8

4
E. 4
 Elements of Music:
MELODY
Is made up of series of tones
and time values.
It gives us a sense of movement,
direction, and shape to the tones.
It consists of two interacting
elements namely, pitch and
duration.
 Elements of Music:
MELODY
Is the basic element of communication
between the composer and the listener.
Is a musical line up of a single
set of tones or pitches.
It characteristics include, range,
shape and movement.
Interval is the difference in pitch between
two notes or the distance between two
given notes.
 Elements of Music:
MELODY: Interval

Harmonic Interval Melodic Interval

Notes here are Notes here are

being played being
together. simultaneously.
 Elements of Music:
MELODY: Interval

Step Skip Leap Repeated

 Elements of Music:
MELODY: Shape or Contour
Elements of Music:
MELODY: Range

Is the distance between the

melody’s lowest and highest
notes. It can be described as
narrow, medium, or wide.
 Elements of Music:
MELODY: Range
4
4
4
4
4
4
 Have you experienced listening to a new
song played on the radio and tried guessing
the name of the singer? How do you think
you were able to name the singer?

How do you think you were able to name the

singer?
 Elements of Music:
Timbre

or tone color refers to the quality of the

sound that distinguishes voices of people,
sounds of animals, and sound of musical
instruments.
 Elements of Music:
Timbre
Classification of Human Voice

Female Vocal Range Male

Soprano Highest Tenor

Mezzo Soprano Medium Baritone

Alto Lowest Bass

 Elements of Music:
Timbre
Classification of Musical Instruments
 Elements of Music:
Dynamics
It refers to the loudness and softness of
sound. It indicates the particular level of
intensity in which music or a sound is to be
played or to be sung.

It levels may suggest feelings, moods, or

emotions.
 Elements of Music:
Dynamics: Dynamic Signs
Symbol Italian Term English Term
ppp pianississimo Very, very soft
pp pianissimo Very soft
p piano Soft
mp mezzo piano Moderately soft
mf mezzo forte Moderately loud
f forte Loud
Ff fortissimo Very loud
fff fortississimo Very, very loud

> decresendo Gradually decreasing loudness

< cresendo Gradually increasing loudness

 Elements of Music:
Dynamics: Dynamic Signs
Try to say the following expressions. Use the
dynamics signs in the parenthesis as your guide.

( f ) Stop!
( p ) Hush, baby go to sleep.
( ff ) Shoot that ball.
( pp ) Shhhh….. keep quiet!
 Elements of Music:
Tempo

It refers to the pace or the rate of speed of

the rhythm in a composition.
 Elements of Music:
Tempo: Tempo Markings
Marking English Term
Largo Very slow, broad
Lento Slow
Adagio Slow, at ease
Andante Moderately slow
Moderato Moderate
Allegro Fast
Vivace Quick, lively
Presto Very fast
Accelerando Gradually becoming faster
Ritardando Gradually becoming slower
 Articulation
The expressive of a musical score depends
not only on the dynamic signs or tempo used
but also on the manner it is performed,
instrumentally or vocally..
 Articulation
1. Legato- In this articulation, the notes are
connected by a curved line that indicates
that the notes are to be played smoothly
without intervening pauses or accents.
 Articulation
2. Tenuto- This kind of articulation is marked
by shorts written below each note. The lines
indicate that the notes are to be held slightly
longer than usual.
 Articulation
3. Staccato- Dots written above or below the
notes signify the use of staccato in singing or
playing a musical score. It indicates that the
notes are or sung briefly.
 Elements of Music:
Texture
is how the tempo, melodic, and harmonic
materials are combined in a composition, thus
determining the overall quality of the sound in a
piece. Texture is often described in regard to the
density, or thickness, and range, or width,
between lowest and highest pitches, in relative
terms as well as more specifically distinguished
according to the number of voices, or parts, and
the relationship between these voices.
Elements of Music:
Texture
 Texture
Polyphony: Round Song
 Texture
Polyphony: Partner Song
Leron, Leron Sinta Pamulinawen
Leron, leron sinta Pamulinawen
Pusok indengam man
Buko ng papaya,
Toy umas-asung Agrayo ta sa diam.
Dala-dala'y buslo, Panunoten man
Sisidlan ng sinta, Di ca pagintutulngan
Pagdating sa dulo'y Toy agayat, grayo ta sa diam
Nabali ang sanga It dem caniac calipatan
Ti na sudinuay anagan
Kapos kapalaran, Lugar sa di no man
Humanap ng iba. Kencapapanan
No malagip ca
Pusoc toy mabangaran
 Texture
Polyphony
Zum Gali Gali
Zum Gali Gali Gali, Zum Gali Gali Gali,
Zum Gali Gali (x4) Zum Gali Gali (x4)
He Chalutz l’ma’an Piioneers work hard
avodah, avodah on their land
l’ma’an he chalutz Men and women work
He Chalutz l’ma’an hand-in-hand
avodah, avodah As they labor all day
l’ma’an he chalutz long
They lift their voice in
song.
 Elements of Music:
Form
Structure of the musical composition.

Overall shape of a musical work.

Elements of Music:
Form: Strophic
 Elements of Music:
Form: Binary and Ternary
A Twinkle, twinkle little star,
how I wonder what you are.
.

B Up above the world so high,

like a diamond in the sky.
.

A Twinkle, twinkle little star,

how I wonder what you are.
 Elements of Music:
Form: Binary and Ternary

Binary- AB, ABB, AABB

Ternary- ABA