2010-CE-01

Sir Mehboob Elahi

 Floors & roofs
 Definition of floor
 Functional requirements of floor.
 Types of floors.
 Advantages & Disadvantages of each floor.
 Definition of roof.
 Functional requirements of roof.
 Types of roofs.
 Advantages & Disadvantages of each roof.
What is floor???
 The surface on which
one stands.
 The part of a room or
building where the
principal business or
work takes place.
 Components of a floor
There are two components of floor.
I) Sub floor
ii) floor covering
Sub floor:
The lower portion of a floor structure which
provides support to the floor covering.
Floor covering:
The upper portion of a floor is called
floor covering or paving.
 Some important technical terms
 Base layer.
 Under layer.
 Topping.
Base layer:
The surface on which the floor topping or under layer
is placed.
Under layer:
The layer of material provided in-between the base
and floor topping .
Topping :
The topmost layer of a floor .
 Functional Requirements of floor
 strength and stability.
 Resistance to moisture.
 Resistance to weather.
 Resistance to heat.
 Resistance to sound.
 Beautiful look.
 Provides stable support.
 Provides platform to work easily.
 Types of floor
 Hard wood floors.
 Brick floors.
 Linoleum floors.
 Concrete floors.
 R.C.C floors
 Marble floors.
 Rubber floors.
 Glass floors.
 Mud floors.
 PVC floors.
Hardwood floors:
 The wood of any of
numerous broad-
leaved trees such as
oak
 The floors having its
topping consisting
of hardwood.
 Advantages & Disadvantages of Hardwood floors
Advantages Disadvantages
 These floors are known for  These floors are expensive.
long term durability.  These floors are difficult to
 Cleaning these floors is install.
very easy.  These floors are easily
 These floors are easily
scratched by pet’claws and
high heeled shoes.
maintained.
 These floors catch fire easily.
 These floors offer the
beauty and refined look.
 Brick floors:
 The floorshaving its
topping consisting of
bricks.
 Advantages and disadvantages of brick floor
Advantages Disadvantages
 These can be laid down in a  These may absorb moisture
no of patterns. from the surrounding areas.
 These are even fireproof.  These may cause dampness
 These are relatively good in the buildings.
insulator.  These provide rough surface.
 These provide non-slip  These are difficult to install.
surface.  These are difficult to clean.
Linoleum flooring
The floor having its toping
consisting of linoleum.
Linoleum:
It consists of
linseed oil and other
pigments.
Linseed oil is oxidized to
have a tough, rubber like
substance which is then
mixed with other
ingredients.
Advantages and Disadvantages of linoleum floor
Advantages
 Due to its coating, it is usually
duarble.
 Linoleum is less expensive
way of achieving a more
expensive look.
 Since the material itself is
simply beautiful so it gives
beauty to the floor.
 Since linoleum is water
resistive so it gives water
resistive properties to floor.
Disadvantages
 Since linoleum expands and
contracts,it can be damaged
when installed.
 Moisture in the sub-floor
under linoleum can cause
warping or losing of
linoleum. .
 These require adhesive
material for linoleum to stick.
 These floors can dent or
scratch easily.
Concrete floors
 The floor having its
topping consists of
concrete.
It may be
i) In situ concrete
floor.
ii) Pre cast concrete
floor.
Advantages & Disadvantages of Concrete floors
Advantages
 These floors provide better
sound insulation between
floors.
 It is easy to clean these floors.
 These floors are eco-friendly,
 These floors do not contain
harmful VOCs ( volatile organic
compound).
 This type of flooring, produces
less waste and require less
energy.
Disadvantages
 These floor need high labor
numbers and plant on site.
 Once the concrete has been
set it is difficult to do any
modifications.
 Since concrete only came in
gray ,so the problem of color
may rise.
 These are difficult to install.
 These can conduct heat
easily.
 R.C.C floors
 The floors having
their topping
supported by R.C.C
slabs .
 In these flat slab
consists of
reinforcement is used.
 The thickness of slab is
usually kept not more
than 125mm.
Advantages & Disadvantages of R.C.C Slab floor
Advantages Disadvantages
 These provide easier  These require nearly square
construction. panel.
 These provide a flat ceiling  These are not economical
which gives good appearance. under light load.
 These provide thinner section
 These absorb heat from the
of slab.
ground.
 These usually do not catch
 These require at least three
fire.
panels for economical design.
 These are good for heavy
load.
 Marble floor:
 Thefloor having its
topping consists of
marble.
 Advantages & Disadvantages of Marble floor
Advantages
 These retain their fresh look
for years.
 These provide high resistance
to moisture.
 These are available in wide
range of colors, styles and
patterns.
 These are hard and therefore
durable from engineering
point of view.
Disadvantages
 These are so heavy that we
need some extra support.
 These demand regular
maintinance,so you have to
spare some time regularly.
 These are much costly.
 These require professionals
for installations.
 These are weak to acidic
products.
 Rubber floors
The floors having its
topping consists of
rubber.
 Advantages & Disadvantages of rubber floors
Advantages
 These are safe as children are
less likely to hurt.
 These allow children to play
games easily.
 These are durable and long
lasting.
 These are weather resistive.
 These are sound absorbent.
 These are water resistive.
Disadvantages
 These can be dangerous if
something is spilled ,
because these are more
slippery.
 These are difficult to
maintain.
 These are marked easily by
sharp objects.
 Initial cost of these floors is
very high.
 Glass floors
These are consisted of glass
fixed in a frame.
These are used for sending
the light in the basement.
These are used to attract the
tourists.
 Advantages & Disadvantages of glass floor
Advantages
 Easily transmission of light
from one section to other
section.
 These are easy to clean.
 These are resistive to
chemicals.
 These give very beautiful
look.
 These can attract tourists.
Disadvantages
 These are costly.
 These are very difficult to
maintain.
 These require professional
skill to install.
 These are not used for heavy
loads.
 These are not suitable for
earth-quake areas.
 Mud floors
The floor having its topping
consists of mud.
These are usually used in
rural areas.
 Advantages & disadvantages of Mud floor
Advantages Disadvantages
 These are cheap.  These are suited for towns
 These are constructed easily. and villages.
 These are easily to clean.  These become slippery under
 These provide resistance to
heavy rain.
sound.  These usually do not give
 These are good for those
good appearance.
areas where the temperature  These are easily eroded by
is extreme. water.
 PVC floors
The floors having its topping
consists of PVC ( polyvinyl
chloride).
These are used in residential
and office buildings.
 Advantages & Disadvantages of PVC floors
Advantages
 These are able to mimic the
look of hardwood floor at low
cost.
 These are not much affected
by moisture.
 These are easily to install.
 These are sound resistive.
 These are easy to clean.
Disadvantages
 Sharps objects may rap these
floors.
 These emit VOC ( volatile
organic compound).
 The manufacturing of these
create poisonous materials.
 The color of these floors fade
when subjected to sunlight.
Roofs
 What is Roof???
The structure forming the
upper cover of a building.
 The top covering of a
building.
 Functional requirements of roof
 protect the interior from exposure to weather.
 To give beautiful appearance.
 Resistance to weather .
 Strength and stability.
 Sound resistance.
 Heat resistance.
 Types of Roofs
 Sloping roof
 Flat roof
 Shell roof
 Domes
 Slopping Roofs
 The roofs having
considerable slope.
 These have slope of more
than 10 degrees with the
horizontal.
 These are also known as
pitched or pent roofs.
 Advantages & Disadvantages of sloping Roof
Advantages Disadvantages
 These makes water (ice, rain  These are not so durable.
or snow) roll off more
quickly.  False ceiling is required.
 These usually do not require
water proofing treatment.
 When the roof is constructed
 These have no problem of
with iron sheets, rusting
drainage of rainy water and problem may arise.
snow.
 These are vey useful for hilly
 Coverings are required .
areas .
 Flat Roofs
The roofs which resembles
the flat surface.
 These are not perfectly flat
because these also have
some slope from 1 degree
to 5 degree.
 Advantages & Disadvantages of flat Roofs
Advantages
 These are economical.
 The roof can be used for
playing, gardening, sleeping
and for celebrating functions.
 Construction and
maintenance is easy.
 They avoid the enclosure of
triangular space.
Disadvantages
 Self weight of these roofs is
very high.
 These are not usually used at
places of heavy rainfall.
 These can not be used for
industrial sheds without
using intermediate columns.
 Initial cost of these roofs is
high.
 Shell Roofs
 A roof made of a thin
curved, plate like
structure, usually of
concrete and steel .
 Advantages & Disadvantages of shell Roofs
Advantages Disadvantages
 More area is covered without  It can not be used to
any intermediate columns . construct upper floor.
 There is no leakage problem
in this type of roof.  It has problems of natural
 It gives architectural view to light and ventilation.
add beauty nearby area.
 The area covered under this  It is costly for construction.
roof is used for conferences
and big gathering.
 Dome
The type of the roof
which resembles the
hollow upper half
a sphere.
They are mostly used in
mosques.
 Advantages & Disadvantages of Domes
Advantages
 Rapid construction
 Give strength
 Better space utilization
 Resistive to major disaster.
 These require less material to
cover a given space.
 These usually do not require
column for internal support.
Disadvantages
 Structure is costly.
 Doors and windows must be
specially made and can be
expensive.
 The techniques used in the
construction of these are very
different from normal
construction methods.
 Moisture in these if any
enters, these quickly get
damaged.