Session- 1

Lecturer: Syed Rizwan Ali 1-1

“Data is a collection of un-organized raw
facts & Figures, such as values or
measurements”
It can be numbers, words, measurements,
observations or even just descriptions of things.
Example: 25000, 5.8%, Ali etc

Meta Data: Data about data is “Meta Data ”

Example: Top richest personalities in the world 1-2
Qualitative:
 He is brown and black
 He has long hair
 He has lots of energy

Quantitative:
 Discrete:
o He has 4 legs
o He has 2 eyes

 Continuous:
o He weighs 55.5 kg
o He is 965 mm tall
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 Data Represented By

Alphanumeric Data Numbers, letters, and other characters

Image Data Graphic images and pictures

Audio Data Sound, noise, and tones

Video Data Moving images and pictures

Boolean Data True, False

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“A collection and combination of organized
data, which reflect some meaning is
called information”
Meaningful data is called “Information”

Example:
Monthly salary of Mr. Ali is Rs. 25,000/-
The inflation rate in Pakistan was recorded at
8.07% in January of 2013.
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“The ideas or understandings which are
used to take effective action/Decision
to achieve the goal”

Action taken on the basis of Meaningful

information.

Example :
1- Utility Bills, Result Cards, Medical Test reports.

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System
Set of integrated component work together to perform a
common task.
A collection of elements or components that are organized
for a common purpose.
Input
Processing mechanism
Output
System boundary Defines the limits of a system and distinguishes
it from everything else (the environment)
Feedback

Example: Depts. of IQRA University. 1-7

“A wide variety of item, attribute and
skills to collect and process data for
decision making”
A combination of Hardware, Software,
Infrastructure and Trained Personnel
organized to facilitate Planning, Control,
Coordination, and Decision Making in an
organization.
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“The application of Computers and
Telecommunications Equipment to
Store, Retrieves, Transmit and
Manipulate data”

Example:
TV, Radio, Cell Phone, Computer,
Telephone etc…….
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Characteristics Definitions
Accurate information is error free. In some cases, inaccurate
information is generated because inaccurate data is fed into the
Accurate transformation process (this is commonly called garbage in,
garbage out [GIGO])
Complete information contains all the important facts. For
Complete example, an investment report that does not include all important
costs is not complete.
Information should also be relatively economical to produce.
Economical Decision makes must always balance the balance of information
with the cost of producing it.
Flexible information can be used for a variety of purposes. For
example, information on how much inventory is on hand for a
Flexible particular part can be used by a sales representative in closing a
sale and by a production manager to determine whether more
inventory is needed.

Timely Timely information is delivered when it is needed.

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Characteristics Definitions
Reliable information can be depended on. In many cases, the
Reliable reliability of the information depends on the reliability of the data
collection method.
Relevant information to the decision maker. Information that lumber
Relevant prices might drop may not P be relevant to a computer chip
manufacturer. e
o
Information should also be simple, not overly complex. Sophisticated
Simple p not be needed. In fact, too much
and detailed information may
information can cause information
l overload.
Information should be easily e accessible by authorized users to be
Accessible obtained in the right format and at the right time to meet their needs.
Information should be verifiable. This means that you can check it to
Verifiable make sure it is correct, perhaps by checking
Processmany sources for the
same information.
Information should be secure from access by unauthorized
Secure users.
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 Efficiency: (output/input )
A measure of what is produced divided by
what is consumed)
P

 Effectiveness:
e
o
extent to which system attains its goals
p
l
e
 Performance standard:
specific objective of a system Process

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 System variable-Quantity or item controlled
by decision-maker.
Example: The price a company charges for its
product is a system variable because it can be
controlled.

System parameter – value or quantity that

cannot be controlled
Example: The cost of a raw material.
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 P
e
o
p
l
e

Process

An abstraction or an approximation that is used to represent reality

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All the
Hardware,
Software,
Databases,
Telecommunications,
People, and Procedures
that are configured to
collect, manipulate,
store, and process data
into information.
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 E-Commerce involves any business
transaction executed electronically
P
between
parties such as: e
o
Types of Businesses p
l
▪ B2B Companies (Business-to-Business)
e

▪ B2C Companies and Consumer (Business-to-Consumer)

Process
▪ B2G Business and Public Sector (Business-to-GOVT.)

▪ G2C Consumer and Public Sector (Government-to-Consumer)

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A transaction processing system (TPS) is an
organized collection of people, procedures,
software, databases, and devices used to
record completed business transactions.

Process business exchanges

Maintain records about the exchanges
Handle routine, yet critical, tasks
Perform simple calculations
The inputs (numbers of employee hours worked
and pay rate) go through a transformation process
to produce output (paychecks).
Integrated programs that can manage a
company’s entire set of business operations.
Often coordinate planning, inventory control,
production, and ordering.
ERP software from vendors such as SAP help
companies to build better customer
relationships through its supply chain. SAP’s
software helps, assess company to
customer’s needs and plan production so
that critical supplies are never depleted.
 The focus of an
Management Information
System (MIS) is primarily on
operational efficiency.
Marketing, production,
finance, and other functional
areas are supported by
management information
systems and linked through a
common database.
 MIS typically provide standard reports generated with
data and information from the TPS
MIS Outputs
▪ Scheduled reports
▪ Demand reports
▪ Exception reports
DSS- A decision support system is an
organized collection of people,
procedures, software, databases, and
devices used to support problem-specific
decision making.
The focus of a DSS is on decision-making
effectiveness. Whereas an MIS helps an
organization “do things right,” a DSS helps
a manager “do the right things”.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Systems

Virtual Reality Systems

Expert Systems
Computer System takes on the characteristics of human
intelligence.
Expert System give the
computer the ability to
make suggestions and
act like an expert in
particular field.
Expert systems have
been used to monitor
complex systems like
nuclear reactors, perform
medical diagnoses, and
develop marketing plans
for a new product or new
investment strategies.
Immersive virtual reality, which means the
user becomes fully immersed in an artificial,
three-dimensional world that is completely
generated by a computer.
The head-mounted
display (HMD) was
the first device of
its kind, providing
the wearer with an
immersive
experience.
Realistic interactions
with virtual objects via
such devices as a
data glove that
senses hand position
allow for
manipulation,
operation, and control
of virtual world.
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