PHILOSOPHERS

Plato Plato is considered the pre-eminent Greek philosopher,

known for his Dialogues and for founding his Academy
north of Athens, traditionally considered the first
university in the western world.
General Views of Plato
Plato was one of the first consequentialists—he believed that it is the end result
that matters, not how you get there.

In his work "The Republic" he described his version of a perfect society where
he supports the government in lying to its people in order to achieve greater
happiness.

Plato believed that it is only philosophers who should rule over the lands.
 Plato's Theory of Forms
•Plato believed that there was only one 'real' version of anything—the perfect version.
•Everything else that we see with our senses is just an imitation of this perfect version, or perfect 'form'.
•The imitations we see are all part of the world of appearance, whilst the perfect forms are part of reality.
•. Plato believed that it is only through thought and rational thinking that a person can deduce the forms
and acquire genuine knowledge.
The 'Magnificent Myth' or 'Noble Lie'

•Plato devised a lie about our origins: that everybody was born fully formed out
of the ground and memories of their upbringing were just a dream.

•In this way, all citizens are encouraged to regard each other as siblings since they
all came from Mother Earth, encouraging loyalty to each other and the land that
they inhabit.

•The myth also includes the idea that when God created every person, he added
either gold, silver or bronze to their composition. Those people with gold were
to be 'Rulers', those with silver 'Auxiliaries' and those with bronze 'Workers'.
A Just State
Plato believed that the perfect state would contain four qualities:
wisdom, courage, self-discipline and justice.
Wisdom comes from the Ruler's knowledge and wise decisions.
Courage is demonstrated by the Auxiliaries who defend the lands
and selflessly help the Rulers.
Self-discipline arises from the harmony between all three classes.
Justice comes from everyone doing what they are 'naturally' fitted
for.
The Three Parts of the Soul
 The three elements are:

Plato used it as a general term for the thing that makes people act.

Reason: This is much like 'wisdom' in societies and is the element that
considers all of the facts known to a person and then decides what means
are best to reach the ends. Reason is also concerned with the love of
truth.
Spirit: This provides emotional motivation and drives people to act in
certain ways when they are angry, upset, etc.
Desire: This drives people to act from baser urges such as lust, hunger, and
thirst.
 Plato on Democracy
Plato’s idea of democracy which was conceptualized in around 300 B.C is quite different
from the present day understanding of democracy.

For Plato only philosopher kings were entitled to rule a society and apart from them
ordinary people were perceived as barbaric and not worthy of governing.

Plato’s perception of democracy was shaped by his aristocratic background.

For him only the elite which were described as “gold” had the right to rule the regular
people who according to Plato were destined to be ruled.

In Plato’s word elite is a person who born with capacity and ability of being “gold”. He
doesn’t want the people to take power and hold office.
Adams Smith
Adam Smith is one of the greatest thinker in
economics.

He is the man who predicted that trade would lead

to prosperity.

He was known as the “Father of Modern

Economics”.

He is also known as the “Father of Capitalism”

This is the first book of Adam Smith.

The first major treatise, and was released in

1759, and many of its ideas are still
practiced today.
Theory of Moral Sentiments
In the book, Smith argued that people are self-interested but naturally like to help others.
He introduced the concept of an “inner man” and an “impartial spectator” responsible for
guiding human action.
Both help to reconcile passion with reason, which is a basis for economic systems and provide a
basis for the creation of institutions within human society.
 The
Smith Invisible
proposed the Hand
idea of Theory
an invisible hand—the
tendency of free markets to regulate themselves by
means of competition, supply and demand, and self-
interest.

The Invisible Hand Theory of Adam Smith is applied to

free market and capitalism through supply and
demand, the competition for scarce resources.

According to Smith, the best outcomes are created by

people looking out for themselves.
The Free Market Force known as
Invisible Hand is a metaphor
describing the unintended greater
social benefits and public good
brought about by individuals
acting in their own self interests.
The Wealth of Nations

The publishing of "The Wealth of

Nations" marked the birth of
modern capitalism as well as
economics.
Division of Labour
This concept was popularized by Adam Smith in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the
Wealth of Nations (1776).
Famously, he used the example of a pin factory.
Adam Smith noted how the efficiency of production was vastly increased because workers were
split up and given different roles in the making of a pin.
Division of Labour
Division of Labour
Division of labour is an economic concept which states that dividing the production process into
different stages enables workers to focus on specific tasks.

If workers can concentrate on one small aspect of production, this increases overall efficiency –
so long as there are sufficient volume and quantity produced.
References
https://www.grin.com/document/192899
https://owlcation.com/humanities/What-Did-Plato-Believe
https://www.investopedia.com/updates/adam-smith-economics/
https://www.investopedia.com/updates/adam-smith-wealth-of-nations/
https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/glossary/division-of-labour/
CASE STUDY
HOUSING SHORTAGES
Scenario in India
 Indian Reservation
A reservation is an area of land managed by a Native American tribe under the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs.

There are approximately 310 Indian reservations in the United States although there are more than 550
federally recognized tribes.
The vast majority of land on reservations is held communally.
That means residents can’t get clear title to the land where their home sits, one reason for the
abundance of mobile homes on reservations.
Scenario in the Philippines
Housing Shortages in the Philippines

More or less 6 million homes are need to be built for impoverished

Filipinos.
Filipino families were displaced because of typhoons, earthquakes,
and other calamities that happened in our country.
The poor are likely to be homeless and that is being worsened by the
growing population.
 Housing Shortages in the Philippines
Shelter needs are driven by the country’s growing population, poverty and prevalence
of disasters.
The government should focus on the building of descent homes on a resettlement area
so that families will have a chance to live comfortable.
An effective and efficient government is in need in able to solve the housing shortages
issue in our country.
We cannot control natural disasters but again, the general welfare of the public must be
the first priority of the government.
Making it a key priority will bring nothing but great economic and social benefits to the
country, and should be given the full support of both the government and private
sector.
SUSTAINABILITY
What is sustainability?
Sustainability means meeting our own needs without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
In addition to natural resources, we also need social and economic resources.
Sustainability…
Sustainability is not just environmentalism.

Embedded in most definitions of sustainability we also find concerns for social equity and
economic development.
Sustainability…
The Philippine legislators passed different bills protecting the environment and natural
resources of our country, some of those are RA 9275 RA 6969, RA 8749 and RA 9003.
Climate change is one of the problem not only in the Philippines but globally. To protect our
wealth, we must utilize our resources.
Role of Public Administrators
The government should provide sustainable housing relocating them with finality to a climate-
resilient place where they can find work.

The government should also provide sustainable livelihood that will help them to rise again and
start their normal lives again.
References
http://nativecases.evergreen.edu/collection/cases/housing-in-indian-country
https://www.mcgill.ca/sustainability/files/sustainability/what-is-sustainability.pdf