DETERMINATION OF

SETTING TIME OF
HYDRAULICS CEMENT
HISTORY OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT

• Hydraulic cement was first used by the

Romans in the middle ages when
“hydraulic cement” was just volcanic
ashes mixed with lime. In the 18th
century, James Parker patented
the Roman cement, which gained
popularity but was replaced by Portland
cement in the 1850s.
THE FIRST DISCOVERY OF
HYDRAULICS CEMENT

The chemical process for hydraulic cement

found by ancient Romans used volcanic ash
(pozzolana) with added lime (calcium
oxide). The word "cement" can be traced
back to the Roman term opus
caementicium, used to describe masonry
resembling modern concrete that was made
from crushed rock with burnt lime as
binder.
DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRUALICS
CEMENT

• James Parker patented the Roman

cement, which gained popularity but was
replaced by Portland cement in the
1850s.
• In the 19th century, frenchman Louis
Vicat laid the foundation for the chemical
composition of Portland Cement while in
Russia.
• Egor Cheliev published the use,
advantages and methods of making
cement.

• Joseph Aspdin brought portland cement

to the market in England.

• William Aspdin, son of Joseph Aspdin,

developed the “MODERN” portland
cement, which was soon in quite demand.
• Isaac Charles Johnson considered to be
the real Father of Portland Cement, who
contributed immensely to the
development of hydraulic cement. He
published the process of developing
meso-portland cement in the kiln.
TYPES OF CEMENT THAT ARE
COMMONLY USED

1. PORTLAND - is the most common type of

cement in general use around the world as a
basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco,
and non-specialty grout. It was developed from
other types of hydraulic lime in England in the
mid 19th century, and usually originates from
limestone.
2.BLENDED - can be defined as uniform
mix of ordinary Portland cement (OPC)
and blending materials such as silica
fumes, fly ash, limestone and slag to
enhance its properties for different
uses. Blended cement can improve
workability, strength, durability and
chemical resistance of concrete.
3. HYDRAULICS CEMENT – is a
product used to stop water and leaks in
concrete and masonry structures. It is a
type of cement, similar to mortar, that sets
extremely fast and hardens after it has
been mixed with water.
 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF
HYDRAULIC CEMENT

The four main components of hydraulic

cement are:
1.Belite (2CaO·SiO2) - is an industrial
mineral important in Portland cement
manufacture.

2.Alite (3CaO·SiO2) - is an impure form of

tricalcium silicate.
3.Tricalcium aluminate/ Celite
(3CaO·Al2O3) - is the most basic of
the calcium aluminates.

4.Brownmillerite (4CaO·Al2O3·Fe2O3) - is a
rare oxide mineral with chemical formula
HOW DOES HYDRAULIC CEMENT
WORKS

Hydraulic cement’s working principle

is based on the process of hydration, which
means the product hardens when water is
added. Certain substances present in
hydraulic cement initiate reactions due to
the application of water, causing the
mixture to set and harden very quickly
with reduced curing time
The nature of these chemical products
makes hydraulic cement impervious to
water damage and further chemical
attacks. Hence, this type of cement is
suitable for construction of structures in
close contact with or submerged in water.
HYDRAULICS CEMENT USES:

IT IS EXTREMELY USEFUL IF USED IN:

-SWIMMING POOLS
-DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
-FOUNDATIONS
-ELAVATOR PITS
-BASEMENT WALLS
-MANHOLES
• SEALING AROUND CONCRETE AND
MASONRY STRUCTURES
• MARINE APPLICATIONS
• CHIMNEYS
• CISTERNS AND FOUNTAINS
IMPORTACE OF DETERMINING THE
SETTING TIME OF CEMENT:

To let the cement be in its

appropriate space we need to arrange
it before the hardening begins, for
this purpose setting time is useful.
When cement is mixed with water, it
hydrates and makes cement paste.
This paste can be molded into any
desired shape due to its plasticity.
• INITIAL SETTING - time duration is
required to delay the process of
hydration or hardening.

• FINAL SETTING TIME – the time when

the paste completely loses its plasticity.
It is the time taken for the cement paste
or cement concrete to harden sufficiently
and attain the shape of the mould in
which it is cast.
 SETTING TIME OF HYDRAULICS
CEMENT, TYPES AND THEIR USES:
ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT -
The time at which cement completely loses
its plasticity and became hard is a
final setting time of cement.
The time taken by cement to gain its entire
strength is a Final setting time of cement.
For Ordinary Portland Cement, The
Final Setting Time is 600 minutes (10hrs)
HIGH CLASS PORTLAND CEMENT -
When water is mixed with High
class Portland cement, the product sets
in a few hours, and hardens over a
period of weeks. These processes can
vary widely, depending upon the mix
used and the conditions of curing of the
product, but a typical concrete sets in
about 6 hours and develops a
compressive strength of 8 MPa in 24
hours.
PORTLAND CEMENT TYPES AND ITS
USES:
Type I, Type IA : is a general purpose
portland cement suitable for all uses where
the special properties of other types are
not required. Its uses include pavements
and sidewalks, reinforced concrete
buildings, bridges, railway structures,
tanks, reservoirs, culverts, sewers, water
pipes and masonry units.
• TYPE II Type II portland cement is used
where precaution against moderate
sulfate attack is important, as in
drainage structures where sulfate
concentrations in groundwaters are
higher than normal but not unusually
severe (Table 2). Type II cement will
usually generate less heat at a slower
rate than Type I.
• TYPE III Type III is a high-early
strength portland cement that provides
high strengths at an early period, usually
a week or less. It is used when forms are
to be removed as soon as possible, or
when the structure must be put into
service quickly. In cold weather, its use
permits a reduction in the controlled
curing period
• TYPE IV Type IV is a low heat of
hydration cement for use where the rate
and amount of heat generated must be
minimized. It develops strength at a
slower rate than Type I cement. Type IV
portland cement is intended for use in
massive concrete structures, such as large
gravity dams, where the temperature rise
resulting from heat generated during
curing is a critical factor.
• TYPE V Type V is a sulfate-resisting
cement used only in concrete exposed to
severe sulfate action -- principally where
soils or groundwaters have a high sulfate
content. Table 1 describes sulfate
concentrations requiring the use of Type
V portland cement. Low Tricalcium
Aluminate (C3A) content, generally 5% or
less, is required when high sulfate
resistance is needed.
BLENDED CEMENT :
1. Type IS (X), Portland-Slag Cement
Blends containing up to 70% slag cement
are used for general construction.
2. Type IP (X), Portland-Pozzolan
Cement
Used for general construction, this blend
can contain up to 50% pozzolan. Fly ash is
the most common pozzolan used in
blended cement.
 3. Type IL (X), Portland-Limestone
Cement
Relatively new to the U.S. market,
portland-limestone cement contains
between 5% and 15% percent interground
limestone.
4. Type IT, Ternary Blended Cement
Ternary cements are blends two
complementary supplementary materials
such as fly ash, slag cement or silica fume.
HYDRAULICS CEMENT:
Type GU: General Use
Type HE: High Early Strength
Type MS: Moderate Sulfate Resistance
Type HS: High Sulfate Resistance
Type MH: Moderate Heat of Hydration
Type LH: Low Heat of Hydration