Lecture 1:

Introduction to Steel Design

CE 2212
Principles of Steel Design

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Engr. Rodelio
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 Structural Steel
Structural steel is a popular
construction material, often used
alongside concrete to create
impressive and long-lasting
buildings.
Its versatility, sustainability and
flexibility are some of the main
reasons for its use, as well as
being a very cost-effective
material.

With a high strength-to-weight ratio, steel can often provide a

solution where other materials are unsuitable.

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
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 Advantages: Flexibility and Adaptability
Long-span steel sections can be used to create large, open spaces
which can be easily adapted, making them extremely flexible in
terms of use.

These spaces can be divided easily using temporary or flexible

partition solutions and changed later with minimal cost,
demolition, and disruption as the requirements of the building
change.

Steel also comes in varying sizes and weights that make it suitable
for a wide range of uses in construction, depending on the loads
involved and the desired result.

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
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 Advantages: Sustainability
Steel has several environmental benefits, such as being 100%
recyclable.

Prefabricated and highly accurate steel structures also allow for

easy and waste-free assembly on site, reducing construction
duration as well as the amount of materials sent to landfill.

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Engr. Rodelio
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 Advantages: Speed of Construction
One of the main reasons for choosing structural steel is the speed
of construction, especially where disruption to nearby roads and
buildings can be an issue.

As steel is fabricated to exact measurements, erection is a

reasonably straightforward process of joining the structural
elements together on site.

By minimizing the impact on the local area and speeding up the

construction process, many cost savings can be realized.

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Engr. Rodelio
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 Disadvantages:
Maintenance Cost – Susceptible to corrosion. Periodic painting is
needed.
Fireproofing cost – although structural members are
incombustible, their strength is tremendously reduced at “fire”
temperature. Being a good heat conductor, it can also transmit
enough heat to other section of the building and ignite materials
they get in contact with. As a result, fireproofing a steel structure is
substantial cost consideration.
Fatigue – Its strength may be reduced if subjected to large number
of stress reversal.
Susceptibility to buckling – having high strength per unit area,
compression members are often stiffened merely to prevent
buckling.

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 Structural Steel Exposed to Fire / Heat

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 Sprayed fireproofing:
An intumescent substance that swells as a result of heat exposure
and are typically used in passive fire protection
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 Metal deck flooring similar to the
UST Parking Building
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 Steel Specifications

CODE:

National Structural Code

of the Philippines
(NSCP)

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Engr. Rodelio
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 Referral Codes :
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
American welding institute (AWS)

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Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
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 Steel Grades
ASTM A36 - all purpose carbon grade-steel widely used in buildings and bridge
construction. It has a minimum yield point of 36 ksi.
ASTM A529 - structural carbon steel with a minimum fy of 42 ksi.

HIGH STRENGTH LOW ALLOY

ASTM A441 - min fy of 40-50 ksi
ASTM A572 - min fy of 42 ksi

CORROSION-RESISTANT HIGH STRENGTH LOW ALLOY

ASTM A242 with min fy of 42-50 ksi
ASTM A588 These corrosion resistant can resist from 4 to 8 times as great as
carbon grade.

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 Hot-rolling refers to a mill process in which you roll the steel at a
temperature above its recrystallization temperature; a heat that
typically exceeds 1000° F.

When steel is heated past its recrystallization point, it becomes more

malleable and can be properly formed and shaped.
UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina
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 Cold-formed steel (CFS) members are made from structural quality
sheet steel that are formed into C-sections and other shapes by
roll forming the steel through a series of dies.

No heat is required to form the shapes (unlike hot-rolled steel), hence

the name cold-formed steel.
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 Designations

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 Designations

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 Designations

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UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina
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UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina
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UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina
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UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina
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 Structural Steel Connections

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 Installation Process
•Hot Rivet
•Insert in Hole
•“Hammer” to produce a second head
•Cool - Expands to form a tight joint

Seldom Used locally

•Labor Intensive
•Less Expensive Alternatives

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 Temporary Bolts
erection bolts

Permanent Bolts
bearing type
friction type

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 Steel to existing concrete connections
Anchor Bolt on Chemical Anchor Bolt
expansion shield

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 Steel to concrete connections
Anchor Bolt / Base plates (new concrete)

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 Welding Rods / Electrodes

Welding is a fabrication process whereby two or more parts are fused

together by means of heat, pressure or both forming a join as the parts
cool.
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 Connectors (Welding)

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 Poor welding on Joist Seat Welded to Support Beam
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 Cutting Tools
Automatic cutting tools

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 Cutting Tools
Oxygen-acetylene torch / oxygen-lpg torch

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 Steel Erection

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 Steel Erection

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UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina
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UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina
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UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina
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 Empire State Building

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 Arches Domes and Stadiums

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 Denver Airport terminal

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 Millenium Stadium (Australia)

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 Millenium Stadium (Australia)

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 Bridges

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 Batman Bridge

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 Tacoma Narrows Bridge

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 333M Tokyo Tower

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 Tall Buildings
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 Taipei 101 framing plan

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 Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) atop Taipei 101

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 Rigid Frame Warehouse

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 Additional Lesson:
Introduction to Timber

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 Timber
wood prepared for
use in building and
carpentry .

Timber used as formworks Timber used as structural system

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 Use of Timber in Construction

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 Conversion of Timber

sewing
drying
planing
grading

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 Timber Commercial Sizes

** other sizes may me ordered at a premium price

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 NSCP Stress Grades

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 Finish Product Labeling

Q-Mark is the product certification scheme for building and

construction products and is regarded as one of the most rigorous
certification processes available.

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 Narra

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 Yakal

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 Kamagong (tree that yields mabolo fruit)

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 Dao

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 Defects in Timber
1.Defects due to Natural Forces
2.Defects due to Attack by Insects
3.Defects due to Fungi
4.Defects due to Defective Seasoning
5.Defects due to Defective Conversion

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
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 Defects in Timber due to Natural Forces

Knots Twisted Fibers Burls - deformed

Shake - cracks or splits

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina
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 Defects in Timber due to Attack by insects
Insects like beetles, termites or marine boars eat wood, make holes
and weaken the strength of the wood.

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
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 Defects in Timber due to Attack by Fungi
The attack of timber by fungi when moisture content of timber is
above 20% and presence of air and warmth for the growth of fungi
the following defects are caused

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 Defects in Timber due to Defective Seasoning
Seasoning is the process of drying timber to remove the bound
moisture contained in walls of the wood cells to produce seasoned
timber.

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 Defects in Timber due to Defective Conversion
Timber conversion is the process of turning a log into a pile of
usable planks or boards.

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 Timber Preservation
Wood preservation –means treating wood with solutions which
make it poisonous to fungi, insects and marine borers.

Types of Preservatives

Oil Type: Coal tar creosote with or without admixture of suitable

oils.

Organic solvent type-these are the toxic chemicals in non-aqueous

solvents such as copper naphetenate, zinc naphetenate, benezene
hexachloride and dichloro-diphenyl trichloreethane or DDT

Water Borne type-these are the toxic chemicals in water such as

zinc chloride, boric acid, copper chrome arsenic composition

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 End of Lecture 1

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Engr. Rodelio
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