One-Dimensional, Steady-

State
Conduction without
Thermal Energy Generation
Lecture 3 (Chapter 3)-Part 1
Methodology

Methodology of a Conduction Analysis

 Specify appropriate form of the heat equation.
 Solve for the temperature distribution.
 Apply Fourier’s law to determine the heat flux.

Simplest Case: One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction with No Thermal

Energy Generation.
 Common Geometries:
 The Plane Wall: Described in rectangular (x) coordinate. Area
perpendicular to direction of heat transfer is constant (independent of x).
 The Tube Wall: Radial conduction through tube wall.
 The Spherical Shell: Radial conduction through shell wall.
Plane Wall
The Plane Wall
 Consider a plane wall between two fluids of different temperature:

• Heat Equation:
d  dT 
k 0 (3.1)
dx  dx 

• Implications:
Heat flux  qx  is independent of x.
Heat rate  qx  is independent of x.
• Boundary Conditions: T  0   Ts ,1, T  L   Ts ,2

• Temperature Distribution for Constant : k

T  x   Ts ,1  Ts ,2  Ts ,1 
x
(3.3)
L
Plane Wall (cont.)

 Heat Flux and Heat Rate:

 Ts ,1  Ts ,2 
dT k
qx  k (3.5)
dx L
qx  kA
dT
dx

kA
L
 Ts ,1  Ts ,2  (3.4)
 T 
• Thermal Resistances  t
R   and Thermal Circuits:
 q 
L
Conduction in a plane wall: Rt ,cond  (3.6)
kA
1
Convection: Rt ,conv  (3.9)
hA
Thermal circuit for plane wall with adjoining fluids:

1 L 1
Rtot    (3.12)
h1 A kA h 2 A
T,1  T,2
qx  (3.11)
Rtot
Plane Wall (cont.)

 Thermal Resistance for Unit Surface Area:

L 1
Rt,cond  Rt,conv 
k h
Units: Rt  K/W Rt  m 2  K/W
• Radiation Resistance:
1 1
Rt ,rad  Rt,rad 
hr A hr

hr   Ts  Tsur  Ts2  Tsur
2
 (1.9)

• Contact Resistance:

TA  TB Rt,c
Rt,c  Rt ,c 
qx Ac

Values depend on: Materials A and B, surface finishes, interstitial conditions, and contact pressure (Tables 3.1
and 3.2)
 Radiative Effects
Recall the net rate of exchange between a system and its
infinite surroundings is:

q  A Ts4  Tsur
4
 
 A Ts2  Tsur
2

Ts2  Tsur
2

 ATs  Tsur T
s
2
 Tsur
2

Ts  Tsur   hr ATs  Tsur 

hr is radiative heat transfer coefficient: 

hr   Ts  Tsur  Ts2  Tsur
2

Ts  Tsur 1
Thermal resistance for radiation: R 
q hr A

Effective surface resistance:

1/hA
Convection
1 1 1
Ts and radiation  
Rs 1 hA 1 hr A
in parallel
1/hrA 6
Plane Wall (cont.)  Composite Wall with Negligible
Contact Resistance:

T,1  T,4
qx  (3.14)
 Rt

For the temperature distribution

shown, kA > kB < kC.

1  1 LA LB LC 1  Rtot
 Rt  Rtot       
A  h1 k A k B kC h4  A
• Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U) :
A modified form of Newton’s law of cooling to encompass multiple resistances
to heat transfer.
qx  UAToverall (3.17)

1
Rtot  (3.19)
UA
 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient U:
q  UAT  UA(T ,1  T , 4 )


(T ,1  T , 4 ) Overall driving force
1 /(UA)
Overall / total resistance

T,1  T, 4 T
q 
1 h1 A  LA k A A  LB k B A  LC kC A  1 h4 A Rtot

1 1 L L L 1
Rtot    A  B  C 
UA h1 A k A A k B A kC A h4 A

T 1
Rtot   R i  
q UA

8
Plane Wall (cont.)

 Series – Parallel Composite Wall:

It can be shown that the calculation of heat

resistances in series and in parallel is similar Surfaces
to that of electrical resistance: normal to
x
isothermal
Series: Rtot  R1  R2
1 1 1 Surfaces
Parallel:   parallel
Rtot R1 R2 to x
adiabatic
• Note departure from one-dimensional conditions for . kF  kG

• Circuits based on assumption of isothermal surfaces normal to x direction or adiabatic surfaces parallel
to x direction provide approximations for qx .
 The Cylinder
Hot fluid
T∞,1,h1
Heat equation (cylindrical coordinate): Cold fluid
T∞,2,h2
1 d  dT 
 kr 0
r dr  dr  Ts,2
Ts,1
R1
R2 L
Fourier’s Law (cylindrical coordinate):
dT dT
q  kA  2krL
dr dr
Note: Heat transfer rate (not heat
flux) constant in r-direction

10
The Cylinder

11
The Cylinder

12
 The Cylinder
Integration of heat equation (constant k)
T r   C1 ln r  C2

T R1   Ts ,1
T
Boundary conditions: Ts,1 Nonlinear
T R2   Ts , 2 Ts,2
R1 R2 r

Ts ,1  Ts , 2 r 
T r   Ts ,1  ln  
ln R1 R2   R1 
Radial Temperature Profile

Differentiate the above eq. and substituting back into Fourier’s

Law q  2kL T  T
s ,1 s,2 Driving force
ln R2 R1 

ln R2 R1 
Thermal resistance R
2kL 13
 The Cylinder
Resistance in Series Hot fluid
Cold fluid T∞,1,h1
For a pipe with flowing fluid, it is common to T∞,4,h4
have a layer of fouling developed in the inner
pipe and have a layer of insulation outside the
pipe. So, there are several layers of resistance:
convection of hot fluid flowing inside the pipe, L
conduction through the fouling, conduction R4
through the piping material (eg. steel), R3
R2
conduction through insulation, convection R1 A B C

through the ambient air.

• convection of hot fluid, T,1, flowing inside the pipe,
• conduction through the fouling,
• conduction through the piping material (eg. steel),
• conduction through insulation,
• convection through the ambient air at T,2. T∞,1Ts,1 Ts,2 Ts,3 Ts,4 T∞,4

14
 The Cylinder
Hot fluid
Cold fluid T∞,1,h1
T∞,4,h4
• Composite cylinder Driving force
• Rate of heat transfer
T,1  T, 4
q
1 ln R2 R1  ln R3 R2  ln R4 R3  1
   
2R1Lh1 2k A L 2k B L 2kC L 2R4 Lh4
L
• Overall heat transfer coefficient Total resistance
R4
R3
T,1  T, 4
R2
q  UAT,1  T, 4  R1 A B C
Rtot

1
U
1 R1 R2 R1 R3 R1 R4 R1 1
 ln  ln  ln 
h1 k A R1 k B R2 kC R3 R4 h4

T∞,1 Ts,1 Ts,2 Ts,3 Ts,4 T∞,4

(Based on inside area A1 =
2πR1L)
 Cylindrical Geometries

Hot fluid
• Composite cylinder Cold fluid T∞,1,h1
• Overall heat transfer coefficient T∞,4,h4

1
U
1 R1 R2 R1 R3 R1 R4 R1 1
 ln  ln  ln 
h1 k A R1 k B R2 kC R3 R4 h4
L
• Can also write
R4
R3

U1 A1  U 2 A2  U 3 A3  U 4 A4   Rtot 
1 R2
R1 A B C

• Equivalent thermal circuit

ln(R2/R1) ln(R4/R3)
1 (2πkAL) ln(R3/R2) (2πkCL) 1
h12πR1L (2πkBL) h42πR4L
q
T∞,1 Ts,1 Ts,2 Ts,3 Ts,4 T∞,4
T∞,1 Ts,1 Ts,2 Ts,3 Ts,4 T∞,4
 Spherical Shell

 Heat Equation 1 d  2 dT 
2 dr 
r 0
r  dr 

• Temperature Distribution for Constant k :

T  r   Ts,1  Ts,1  Ts,2 

 
1  r1/ r

1  r1 / r 2 
Spherical Shell (cont.)

 Heat flux, Heat Rate and Thermal Resistance:

dT
qr  k  2
k
 Ts ,1  Ts ,2 
dr r 1/ r1   1/ r2  

4 k
qr  4 r 2 qr  T  T 
1/ r1   1/ r2  s ,1 s ,2
(3.40)

Rt ,cond 
1 / r1   1 / r2  (3.41)
4 k

• Composite Shell:
Toverall
qr   UAToverall
Rtot

UA  Rtot 1  Constant

1
Ui   Ai Rtot   Depends on Ai
T  TqrS ,1  dT
 kTS , 2
dr
k
r ln  r2 / r1 
Ts,1  Ts,2 
2 k
qr  2 rqr 
ln  r2 / r1 
Ts,1  Ts,2 
2 Lk
qr  2 rLqr 
ln  r2 / r1 
 Ts ,1  Ts ,2 

19