Chapter 8

(Lecturer 6-Part 2)
Internal Flow

1
Fully Developed Flow
 Although T(r) changes with x, the relative shape of the temperature profile
remains the same: Flow is thermally fully developed.

 Ts ( x )  T (r , x ) 
  0 (8.28)
x  Ts ( x )  Tm ( x )  fd,t

 A fully developed thermally region is possible, if one of two possible

surface conditions exist :
– Uniform wall temperature (Ts=constant)
– Uniform heat flux (qx”=const)
 Thermal Entry Length :

( xfd,t / D)lam  0.05 Re D Pr

( xfd,t / D)turb  10

Internal Flow 2
Fully Developed Flow
 It can be proven that for fully developed conditions, the local
convection coefficient is a constant, independent of x:

h  f (x) (8.29)

Internal Flow 3
Fully Developed Flow – Mean Temperature Variation
Along A Tube
 We are still left with the problem of knowing how the mean
temperature Tm(x), varies as a function of distance, so that we can
use it in Newton’s law of cooling to estimate convection heat
transfer.

 We know that "

qconv  h(TS  Tm ) (8.27)

 Recall from Chapter 1, page 17 that by simplifying the energy

balance for flow inside a control volume
qconv  m C p (Tout  Tin ) (1.12e)

 For flow inside a pipe: qconv  m C p (Tm,o  Tm,i ) (8.34)

 where Tm,i and Tm,o are the mean temperatures of the inlet and outlet
respectively

Internal Flow 4
Fully Developed Flow – Mean Temperature Variation
Along A Tube
P = surface perimeter
 For a differential control volume:
dqconv,in  dqconv,out
qs" Pdx  m C p dTm

dTm qs" P P
  . h(Ts  Tm ) where P = surface perimeter (8.37)
dx m c p m c  pD for circular tube
p
= width for flat plate

 Integration of this equation will result in an expression for the variation

of Tm as a function of x.

Internal Flow 5
Case 1 : Constant Heat Flux
 Integrating equation (8.37):

qs" P
Tm ( x)  Tm ,i  x (8.40)
m c p
qs"  const

 where P = surface perimeter

= pD for circular tube
= width for flat plate

Internal Flow 6
Case 2 : Constant Surface Temperature, Ts = Constant
From (8.37), with Ts-Tm=DT:

dTm qs" P P
  h L (Ts  Tm )
dx m c p m c p
dTm d (DT ) P
  h L DT
dx dx m c p
 Integrating for the entire length of the tube:

Ts  Tm ,o DTo  PL 
  exp   hL 
Ts  Tm ,i DTi  m c  (8.41b)
 p 

DTo  DTi
qconv  h As DTlm (8.43) where DTlm  (8.44)
ln( DTo / DTi )
As is the tube surface area, As= P.L = pDL
Internal Flow 7
Case 3: Uniform External Temperature

 Replace Ts by T and h by U (the overall heat transfer coefficient,

which includes contributions due to convection at the tube inner and
outer surfaces, and due to conduction across the tube wall). Equations
(8.9) and (8.10) become:

DTo T  Tm,o  U As 
  exp    (8.45a) q  U As DTlm (8.46a)
DTi T  Tm,i  m c p 
 
Internal Flow 8
Reminder from Chapter 3

DT
qr   UADT
1
Rtot UA 
1 ln( r2 / r1 ) 1 Rtot
Rtot   
h1 (2pr1 L) 2pkL h2 (2pr2 L)
Internal Flow 9
Example 8.4
A system for heating water from an inlet temperature of Tm,I = 20oC to
an outlet temperature of Tm,o – 60oC involves passing the water
through a thick-walled tube having inner and outer diameters of 20 and
40mm. The outer surface of the tube is well insulated, and electrical
.
heating within the wall provides for a uniform generation of q = 106
W/m3
.
For a water mass flow rate of m = 0.1 kg/s, how long must the tube to
achieve the desired outlet temperature?

If the inner surface temperature of the tube is Ts = 70oC at the outlet,

what is the local convection heat transfer coefficient at the outlet?

Internal Flow 10
Example 8.4

.
q

Internal Flow 11
Example 8.4

Internal Flow 12
Example 8.4

.
q

Internal Flow 13
Example 8.5
Steam condensing on the outer surface of a thin-walled circular tube of
diameter D = 50mm and length L = 6m maintains a uniform outer
surface temperature of 100 oC. Water flows through the tube at a rate of
.
m = 0.25 kg/s, and its inlet and outlet temperature are Tm,i = 15oC and
Tm,o = 57oC. What is the average convection coefficient associated with
the water flow?

Internal Flow 14
Example 8.5

Internal Flow 15
Example 8.5

Internal Flow 16
Example 8.6
A flat-plate solar collector is used to heat atmospheric air flowing
through a rectangular channel. The bottom surface of the channel is
well insulated, while the top surface is subjected to a uniform heat flux,
which is due to the net effect of solar radiation absorption and heat
exchange between the absorber and cover plates.

For inlet conditions of mass flow rate = 0.1 kg/s and Tm,i = 40°C, what is
the air outlet temperature, if L = 3 m, w = 1 m and the heat flux is 700
W/m2? The specific heat of air is cp=1008 J/kg.K

Internal Flow 17
Example 8.6

 Assumption,
 Steady state
 Ideal gas with negligible viscous
dissipation and pressure variation
 No heat loss through bottom of
channel
 Uniform heat flux at top of channel

Internal Flow 18
Summary
 We discussed fully developed flow conditions for cases involving
internal flows, and we defined mean velocities and temperatures
 We wrote Newton’s law of cooling using the mean temperature, instead
of T
q"  h(TS  Tm ) (8.27)
 Based on an overall energy balance, we obtained an alternative
expression to calculate convection heat transfer as a function of mean
temperatures at inlet and outlet.
qconv  m
 c p (Tm,o  Tm,i ) (8.34)
 We obtained relations to express the variation of Tm with length, for
cases involving constant heat flux and constant wall temperature

qs" P Ts  Tm ,o DTo  PL 
Tm ( x)  Tm,i  x (8.40)   exp   h  (8.45a)
m c p Ts  Tm ,i DTi  m c 
 p 
Internal Flow 19
Summary
 We used these definitions, to obtain appropriate versions of Newton’s
law of cooling, for internal flows, for cases involving constant wall
temperature and constant surrounding fluid temperature

qconv  h As DTlm (8.43)

q  U As DTlm (8.46a)

DTo  DTi
DTlm  (8.44)
ln( DTo / DTi )

 In the rest of the chapter we will focus on obtaining values of the heat
transfer coefficient h, needed to solve the above equations

Internal Flow 20
Heat Transfer Correlations for Internal Flow
 Knowledge of heat transfer coefficient is needed for calculations shown
in previous slides.
 Correlations exist for various problems involving internal flow, which
includes laminar flow in circular.
 For laminar flow we can derive h dependence theoretically
 Recall from Chapters 6 and 7 general functional dependence

NuL  f (Re L , Pr)

Internal Flow 20
Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes
1. Fully Developed Region
• For cases involving uniform heat flux:

hD
NuD   4.36 qs"  const (8.53)
k

• For cases involving constant surface temperature:

NuD  3.66 Ts  const (8.55)

Internal Flow
Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes
2. Entry Region: Velocity and Temperature are functions of x

 Thermal entry length

problem: Assumes the
presence of fully developed
velocity profile

 Combined (thermal and

velocity) entry length
problem: Temperature and
velocity profiles develop
simultaneously

Internal Flow 23
Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes
For constant surface temperature condition:

0.0668 ( D / x) Re D Pr
Nu D  3.66  (8.57)
1  0.04[( D / x) Re D Pr] 2 / 3

D
where G zd    Re D Pr
x
 Condition of using this correlation,
 All properties, evaluated at average value of mean temperature
 Ts is constant
 Thermal entry length or combined entry length with Pr ≥ 5

Tm,i  Tm,o
Tm 
2
Internal Flow 24
Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes
For combined entry length problem:
1
3.66  D Re Pr   D Re Pr 
 0 . 0499  D
 tanh  D

  D Re D Pr 
1 / 3
 D Re D Pr  
2 / 3
 x   x 
tanh 2.264   1.7  
  x   x  
Nu D  1 / 6
 D Re Pr 
tanh( 2.432 Pr1/ 6  D
 )
 x 
D (8.58)
where Gzd    Re D Pr
x
 Condition of using this correlation,
 All properties, evaluated at average value of mean temperature
 Ts is constant
 Combined entry length with Pr ≥ 0.1

Tm,i  Tm,o
Tm 
Internal Flow 2 24
Summary
 Numerous correlations exist for the estimation of the heat transfer
coefficient, for various flow situations involving laminar and turbulent
flow.

 Always make sure that conditions for which correlations are valid are
applicable to your problem.

 Summary of correlations in Table 8.4 of textbook

Internal Flow 29
Example 8.7
Engine oil is heated by flowing through a circular tube of diameter D =
50 mm and length L = 25 m and whose surface is maintained at 150oC.

If the flow rate and inlet temperature of the oil are 0.5 kg/s and 20oC,
what is the outlet temperature Tm,o? What is the total heat transfer rate
q for the tube?

Internal Flow 27
Example 8.7

 Assumption,
 Steady state
 Negligible temperature drop across tube wall
 Incompressible liquid with negligible viscous dissipation

Internal Flow 28
Example 8.7

Internal Flow 29
Example 8.7

Internal Flow 30
Example 8.8
The air passage for cooling a gas turbine vane can be approximated as
tube of 3 mm diameter and 75 mm length. The operating temperature
of the vane is 650oC and air enters the tube at 427oC.

For an airflow rate of 0.18 kg/h, cp = 1094 J/kg.K, k = 0.0563 W/mk, μ =

363.7 x 10-7 Ns/m2, Pr = 0.706. calculate the air outlet temperature.

Internal Flow 31
Example 8.8

 Assumption,
 Steady state
 Ideal gas with negligible viscous dissipation and pressure variation

Internal Flow 32
Example 8.8

Internal Flow 33
Example 8.8

Internal Flow 34