Presented By:

Dileep
 How Smart Antennas are Discovered?
 In the first cellular radio systems deployed, each base
station was equipped with an omnidirectional antenna
with a typical amplitude pattern.

 Because only a small percentage of the total energy

reached the desired user, the remaining energy was
radiated in undesired directions.
 As the number of users increased, also interference
increases, thereby reducing capacity.
 An immediate solution to this problem was to subdivide
a cell into smaller cells, this technique is referred to as cell
splitting.
 It subdivides a congested cell into smaller cells called
microcells, each with its own base station.

 The disadvantages of cell splitting are costs incurred from

the installation of new base stations.
 SECTORIZED SYSTEMS
 A cellular design technique that provide more frequencies
per coverage area is knawn as Cell Sectoring.

 In this technique single omnidirectional antenna is

replaced at the base station with several directional
antennas.

 Typically, a cell is sectorized into thre sectors of 120◦

each.
 SECTORIZED ANTENNAS

 Cell sectoring did not provide the adequate solution

needed for the capacity problem.
 Therefore, a system required that could dynamically
sectorize a cell.
 SMART ANTENNAS
“Smart Antennas are arrays of antenna elements that change
their antenna pattern dynamically to adjust to the noise,
interference in the channel that effects on the signal of
interest.”

 Smart antennas are not smart, it is the digital signal

processing, along with the antennas, which makes the
system smart.
 Smart-antenna systems are basically an extension of cell
sectoring in which the sector coverage is composed of
multiple beams.
 SMART ANTENNAS ANALOGY WITH HUMAN

 The functionality of many engineering systems is readily

understood when it is related to our human body system.
 TYPES OF SMART ANTENNAS

Based on the Beam Forming,

Smart Antenna systems are of two types:

 Switched Beam Antenna System

 Adaptive Array Antenna System
 SWITCHED BEAM ANTENNA SYSTEMS

 It is an extension of cell sectoring as each sector is

subdivided into smaller sectors.

 As the mobile unit moves throughout the cell, the switched-

beam system detects the signal strength and continually
switches the beams as necessary.

 The overall goal of the switched-beam system is to increase

the gain according to the location of the user.
 If there is an interferer near the center of the active
beam, it may be enhanced more than the desired user.
 ADAPTIVE ARRAY ANTENNA SYSTEMS

 Adaptive array systems can customize an appropriate radiation

pattern for each individual user.

 Adaptive array systems can locate and track signals (users and
interferers)

 Dynamically adjust the antenna pattern to enhance reception

while minimizing or fully rejecting interference using signal-
processing algorithms.
Switched Beam & Adaptive Array Antenna
Radiation Pattern
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ADAPTIVE ARRAY ANTENNA
Comparing switched beam and adaptive array:

Switched Beam Array Adaptive Array

Less coverage More coverage

Low interference rejection

High interference rejection.

Reduction in Tx power
Smart Antenna Receiver
Smart Antenna Transmitter
 SDMA
 SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access) is the most-
important utilization of smart-antenna technology.

 This means that more than one user can be allocated to

the same physical communication channel in the same
cell simultaneously with only by Angle.
SDMA
 Smart Antenna’s Benefits

 The primary reason is capacity increase.

 Provides increase of range. (more directional than

omnidirectional and sectorized antennas.)

 Another advantage of smart-antenna systems is security.

 They can be used to locate humans in emergencies.

Applications
 cellular and wireless networks
 radar electronic warfare (EWF) as a countermeasure to
electronic jamming
 satellite systems
 Smart Antenna’s Drawbacks

 Transceivers are much more complex than traditional

base station transceivers.

 Smart-antenna base stations must be equipped with very

powerful digital signal processors. This tends to increase
the system costs in the short term.