3 OH&ESD SOLUTIONS 3

3 Occupational Health and Environmental Safety Division 3I

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Occupational safety – Do we really need it?

• Because the regulators warrant it.
• Because the people demand it
• Because we don’t understand it

• Is there a scientific method of approaching?

• Whats in it for the organisation?
• Are there global benchmarks?
• Can we measure economic gain from this investment?
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1 2
Identify the Understand the
Hazards contaminants’
effect on
workers
The 3M
Four-
Step
3 Method 4
Select the
appropriat Train in
e Protector proper use
and care of
the protector
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• Acute Health effects

• Occurs immediately…

– Damage Eyes and skin

– Corrosive or irritating to body tissue.
– Sensitization or Allergic reactions
– Asphyxiates cause oxygen deficiency
(Suffocation)

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• Chronic Health effects

• Occurs due to continuous exposure day in and
day out..
• May take several years to show signs of
deterioration
– Cancer (PVC)
– Liver, Kidneys, Lungs Damage (Solvents)
– Effect Nervous System (Lead, Methylene
chloride)
– Endocrine Effects
– Reproductive Effects (Sterility eg. CS2)

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Identification of Respiratory Hazards

• DUSTS – Mechanically generated
• MISTS- generated by atomisation of liquids
• FUMES – Metals heated to melting point
• GASES – Neither Liquids nor solids at
room temperature
• VAPOURS – Invisible and emanate
from liquids or solids
• OXYGEN DEFICIENCY – Enclosed spaces or
because of improper ventilation.
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Visible to
Particulate Not visible to the naked eye
the naked eye
Materials

25
0, 1

00
5
05
01

25
0

02
00

0
04

0
0
6
3
0

8
5
1

22
80

25
28
17
10

11

30

55
10
0,
0,

0,

1,
0,
0,

0,

0,

4,
0,

0,

1
0,

3
Tobacco smoke
Carbon black
Metal fumes
Sulfuric acid mists
Cement dusts
Coal Dust
Pulverized Coal
Viruses
Bacteria
Human Hair Diameter
Pollen
Spores
Colloidal Silica
Beach Sand
AmmoniumChloride Fumes
Pigments
Insecticide Powders
Ground Cereals
Dusts
Mists
Fumes

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Oxygen deficiency , e.g Confined Space 3

A. Standby worker
B. Fume Extractor (Mechanical
Ventilation)
C. Fume collected at source
D. Alarm Horn / Alarming Device
E. Emergency Breathing apparatus
F. Blower (Air supply – NOT Oxygen
G. Lifeline to safety harness and supplied
air line along (For Supplied air
respirator)
H. Ladder

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Other Physical Hazard :Heat
The body “core” temperature varies from 36°C to 38°C.

While working in Hot environments the person builds

up body heat.

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Other Physical Hazard :Heat
 Heat stress disorders range from minor discomforts to life-threatening
conditions:

Heat rash
Heat cramps
Heat exhaustion
Heat stroke

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Other Physical Hazard :Noise
• Noise is any Unwanted sound
• Potential Noisy areas
– Diesel Generator room
– Tablet punching machines
– Packaging machines
– Maintenance workshops
– Boiler and refrigeration – Utility block
– Construction work
– Etc…..

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Diesel Generators

Maintenance
Workshops
General Noisy
shopfloors

Dryers in closed
rooms
Milling machines

Conversation in a
meeting

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Other Physical Hazard : Eye injury
• The eye is a critical organ that many of us easily
overlook when it comes to protection.

• The two most common types of injuries : chemical

burns and cuts or punctures .

• The top three eye injury sources : chemicals and

chemical products, hand tools and materials.

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Is Head Protection Required

Decide for your self

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Head Protection is it required??

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Environmental Hazard :

• Leakages
– Accidental
– Incidental
• Spillages
– Accidental
– Incidental

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The 3M Four-Step Method

1.Identify & Classify Hazards

2.Understand the Contaminants

Effect on Workers

3.Select the Appropriate Protector

4.Train in Proper Use and Care

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Understand the Health effects

• Respiratory Health effects:

• Noise
• Eye Injuries
• Head Injuries
• Heat Injury
• Environmental Hazards

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The Body’s Defenses

Cilia Nose
hairs

Mucous
Cough Blanket
Reflex

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Healthy Damaged
Cilia Cilia

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Alveolus Trachea
Bronchus

Bronchiole

Alveoli
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Oxygenated
Deoxygenated
blood
blood

Capillaries

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Lung Diseases

Cadmium Healthy
Lung

Source:Dr F. Netter, Ciba

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Lung Diseases
Coal Silica

Source:Dr F. Netter, Ciba

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Asbestos Lung Diseases

Cancer Mesothelioma

Source:Dr F. Netter, Ciba

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• 36 years of exposure in a foundry

• Classic Silicosis
• 63 years of age
• Cause of death: cor pulmonale

Foundry
lung

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Welder’s Lung

• 34 years of exposure to welding fumes

• Siderosis and fever; fibrosis
• death at 52 years of age - cause
unknown
• discoloration of pulmonary lung tissue

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How Workplace Contaminants Affect

Workers

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Effects of Noise
Middle
Ear Inner Ear

Outer Ear

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Normal Cochlea

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Moderate Hair cell Loss

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Severe Hair cell loss

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Eye injuries
•The pain involved in an eye injury runs the gamut from
simple discomfort to complete loss of vision or even worse -
severe and lethal infections. :
• Corneal abrasions and conjunctivitis (red eyes)
• Concrete or metal particles or slivers embedded in the eye
• Chemical splash or burn
• Welder’s flash burn
• Eyeball laceration
• Facial contusion and black eye

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The 3M Four-Step Method

1.Identify & Classify Hazards

2.Understand the Contaminants

Effects

3.Select the Appropriate Protector

4.Train in Proper Use and Care

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Select the appropriate PPE / Solution

• Respirator
• Noise
• Eye
• Head - Helmet
• Heat Injury
• Environmental Hazards

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Respirator Types
Air Purifying Supplied Air Respirators
Maintenance-free Supplied Air
Half and full
Half masks

facepiece, hoods or
Low maintenance helmets

Traditional
Maintenance
Full Facepiece Self Contained
Breathing
Apparatus
(SCBA)
Powered Air Purifying
Respirator (PAPR)
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Assigned Protection Factors
Respirator Category Facepiece Type
Halfmask Fullface
Air Purifying Respirators 10 100
Supplied Air Respirators
SCBA (Demand Type) 10 100
Air Line (Demand Type) 10 100
Halfmask Fullface Hood Loose fitting
Helmet Facepiece
Powered Air Puriying Respirators (PAPR) 50 1,000 1,000 25
Supplied Air Respirator
Air line
Positive pressure - demand (a) 50 1,000
Continuous Flow 50 1,000 1,000
SCBA
Positive pressure - demand N/A 10,000 (b)
(a) Shall not be used in emergency situations, such as: fires, spills, etc.
(b) For emergency situations use Protection Factor 10,000
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Particle Filtration 3I
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Low / Traditional Maintenance
• 3M 6200
– Half Face piece respirator
– Selection of cartridges
– Protection factor of 50
– Can be connected to airline supply
– NIOSH approved

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 Respirator Selection 3
Various Types of 3M Cartridges
(6000/7000 series)

3M 6001 3M 6002 3M 6003 3M 6004

6001 - Organic Vapor
6002 - Acid Gas
6003 - Organic Vapor/Acid Gas
6004 - Ammonia
6005 - Formaldehyde
6006 - Multi-gas & Vapor
3M 6005 3M 6006 3M 6009
6009 - Mercury/chlorine

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Prefilter + Retainer

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Low / Traditional Maintenance
• 3M 6800
– Full Face piece respirator
– Selection of cartridges
– Protection factor of 100
– Can be connected to airline supply
– NIOSH approved

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6800 With Supplied Air
(also can be used with 6200)

• Supplied Air
• SA-2000 Dual Airline
- economical
• APF = 1000

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Powered Air purifying respirator
• 3M Jupiter
– Choice of head tops
– Protection factor of

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Powered Air purifying respirator
Smooth shape Control Panel
Bayonet output
connector

“Soft” Switch
Filter “click”
stops

Twin filter ports

Battery
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 Modular Range 3
100 Series 400 Series 600 Series 700 Series 800 Series

HT-101  HT- 402 (PC) HT- 607 HT- 608 HT- 615 HT-701  HT- 820
HT-103  HT- 401 (A) HT-702 
HT-705 

HT-120 HT- 609 HT- 616 HT-748 (90x110) HT- 840

HT-749 (UK)

+ HT- 880

Jupiter Dustmaster FlowStream Vortemp Vortex

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Half mask
Respirator Full face Respirator
Assigned Assigned
Protection Protection
factor: factor:
10 100

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How long will it last?

Activated
Nature of the
Contaminant Carbon
Cartridge
Service Life

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How long will it last?

Activated
Contaminant Carbon
Concentration Cartridge
Service Life

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How long will it last?
Activated
Carbon
Breathing
Rate Cartridge
Service Life

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How long will it last?

Activated
Humidity Carbon
Cartridge
Service Life

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 Critical Points in 3
Respiratory Protection
Leaks
Face Fit

Protection
Vision
Factor
Field of vision
APF
Filters
a. Use Life Approvals
b. Weight NIOSH / EN

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How to Identify
a Good
Respirator ?
Filter
Efficiency

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How to Identify
a Good
Respirator ?

Face Seal

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How to Identify
a Good
Respirator ?

Communications

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How to Identify
a Good
Respirator ?
Ease
of use

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 3M™ Foam Ear Plugs 3
• Model 1100
– Smooth; stays clean
– Comfortable tapered
shape
– High attenuation
• NRR=29 dB
• Model 1110 Corded
– Soft, braided cord lays
flat

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1. Roll between the fingers into the smallest diameter

Pull ear lobe upwards and place the

plug in the ear canal for proper insertion

Hold the plug until

it has expanded,
about 15-30 seconds

WEARING THE
DISPOSABLE
EAR PLUG
RIGHT

You can now enter the noise area

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Padded Ear Muffs 1440
• Padded, forked headband
• Adjustable tension
• Contoured cushion
• One size fits all
• Moderate Attenuation
– NRR=24 dB
• Replaceable cushions & inserts

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General Purpose Ear Muffs 1435
• Slim ear cups
• Forked headband
• Replaceable cushions
& inserts
• Moderate Attenuation
– NRR=23 dB

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 3M™ Hard Hat Ear Muffs3
1450
• Fits most hard hats
• Multi-position arms
• Forked headband
• Contoured cushion
• Replaceable cushions & ear
cup inserts
• Moderate Attenuation
– NRR=23 dB

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Eye Protection 3

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Eye Protection
• What are the things we need to see in a Good
eye protector
– Comfort
– Compatibility with other PPE
– Strength
– Approvals
– UV resistance
– Scratch Resistance
– Non metallic parts…..
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Goggles and Visitor Specs
• Safety Goggles 1620
• Visitor Specs 1611
– Wear over glasses or alone
– Designed for short term use

Direct Venting

• Safety Goggles for Splash 1621

Indirect Venting
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3M Protective Eyewear

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Auto Darkening Welding lens
• Lenses turn dark the moment an arc is
struck and transparent again when welding
stops, all the time with full UV/IR
protection.

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Auto Darkening lens …..

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Auto Darkening lens with PAPR

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HEAT
• Air conditioning
• Work rest Cycle
• Positive pressure
– Air
– Vortex Air
TM

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Vortex

• Supplied Air
• APF = 1000
• Cools Air to upto 28 Deg C than
inlet air.
• Waist Mounted

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Environment spillages
Non Woven Polypropylene Fibres

+ Surfactant

hydrophillic & hydrophopic &

oleophillic oleophillic

+ other
fibres
3M Chemical Sorbents 3M Oil
3M Maintenance Sorbents Sorbents

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3M Sorbent...

Booms Pads Particulate

Rolls Pillows Spill Kits

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On Water
In-House

On Land

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The 3M Four-Step Method

1.Identify & Classify Hazards

2.Understand the Contaminants

Effect on Workers

3.Select the Appropriate Protector

4.Train in Proper Use and Care

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Train in proper usage
- Fitting and care

• Respirator
• Noise
• Eye Injuries
• Head Injuries
• Heat Injury
• Environmental Hazards

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Qualitative Tests

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Disposing the respirator

• Throw the disposable respirator if:

– You feel a resistance to breathe through it.

– Any part is damaged or torn.
– Is soiled (dirty).

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 Cleaning and storing 3
the respirator

• Before cleaning, remove particulate and,

chemical filters and valves.
• Wash with mild soap and water. Use a brush to
remove dirt. Dry.
• Check the parts and replace the defective ones.
• When necessary, discard and replace the
filters.
• Re-assemble the respirator.
• Store the clean respirator in a plastic bag
inside your individual locker or in a special
cabinet.

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Respirator
Misuses

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End to end solutions for your plant.

• Solution derived based on work place realities & some
personal experiences.
• Respiratory solutions should meet & exceed regulatory
requirements.
• Solution should meet with approvals, preferably
international.
• Necessary to gain user acceptance.
• Should be economically feasible.
• Low running costs with few maintenance components.
• Should be a definite improvement over existing systems.

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SOLUTION CLASSIFICATION
• Dusts -PTA powder, Antimony
TRioxide( Powder dusts, Tio2)
• Organic Gases &Vapours
• Monoetheylene Glycol, Dowtherm,
• Welding Fumes, HP steam,
• Combination of the above
• High Noise areas throughout.ranging
from 90dB to 110dB.
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