Statistics

JULIUS CORPUZ PAGDILAO, LPT

 Statistics

• A branch of applied mathematics that deals

with the collection, organization,
presentation, analysis and interpretation of
data.
• Statistician develop and apply appropriate
methods in collecting and analyzing data.
 Statistics

• They guide the design of a research study

and then analyze the result.
• The interpretation of the result will be the
basis of the statisticians in making
inferences about the population being
considered.
 Two Types of Statistics

Descriptive Statistics
• it deals with the collection and presentation
of data and the summarizing of values that
describe the groups’ characteristics.
 Two Types of Statistics

Inferential Statistics
• it deals with the predictions and inferences
based on the analysis and interpretation of
the results of the information gathered by
the statistician.
 Examples

• The last four semesters the instructor

taught Intermediate Algebra, an average of
15 people passed the class.
• The next time the instructor teaches
Intermediate Algebra, we can expect
approximately 15 people to pass the class.
 Examples

• This instructor will never pass more than 20

people in an Intermediate Algebra class.
• The last four semesters the instructor
taught Intermediate Algebra, no more than
20 people passed the class.
 Examples

• Only 5 people passed one semester because

the instructor was in a bad mood the entire
semester.
• The instructor passes so few people in his
Intermediate Algebra classes because he
doesn't like teaching that class.
 Variables

• A variable is a numerical characteristics or

attribute associated with the population.
• Two types of variables
• Categorical or Qualitative Variables
• Numerical-Valued or Quantitative Variables
 Two Types of Variables

Categorical or Qualitative Variables

• are variables that are classified according
to some attributes or categories.
Numerical-Valued or Quantitative Variables
• are variables that are classified according
to numerical characteristics.
 Examples

• Age of CCA Students

• Civil Status of CCA Students
• Religion of CCA Students
• Height and Weight of CCA Students
• Grades of CCA Students in Statistics
Numerical-Valued or Quantitative

• Numerical-valued variables can be classified

as:
• Discrete Variables
• Continuous Variables
 Examples

• Number of foreigners migrating to the

Philippines every year
• Length of hair of female students
• The boiling point of water
• The number of children with
missing/decayed teeth in a Barangay
Numerical-Valued or Quantitative

Discrete Variables
• are variables whose values are obtained by
counting.
Continuous Variables
• are variables whose values are obtained by
measuring.
 Scales of Measurement

• There are number of ways available of

measuring variables in statistics. These
dependent variables are to be classified on
the basis of scales of measurement. The
measurement is the foundation for any type
of scientific or statistical investigation.
 Scales of Measurement

• In a research or survey, everything we

perform, does begin with its measurement.
So, it is necessary to understand the
difference between the type of variables
and the scales according to which these
would be measured.
 Scales of Measurement

• It is important to be able to identify a scale

which would be appropriate in order to
analyze the data.
 Nominal Scale

• It is used to classify the categorical

variables, i.e, the variables that define
categories and names etc. which cannot be
ranked. This scale of measurement
just satisfies the identity property of
measurement.
 Nominal Scale

• It is used to represent the variables that

assign values in the form of descriptive
category and do not have any numerical
value or magnitude.
 Ordinal Scale

• A scale of measurement which includes the

variables that have the property of rank or
order. Ordinal scale is actually more precise
that the nominal one. The variables coming
under this scale must have set of rankings.
 Ordinal Scale

• This scale of measurement possesses the

properties related to identity as well as
magnitude. Every value evaluated on ordinal
scale has a unique meaning.
 Interval Scale

• A scale of measurement which includes

categories in which the distances or
intervals between the categories are to be
compared. Interval scale keeps the rank
characteristic just as ordinal scale.
 Interval Scale

• Along with that, the interval scale also

shows the differences between the given
data points. This scale of measurement
states that the interval must be same.
 Ratio Scale

• Ratio scale of measurement is almost same as

interval-scale variable. Ratio-scale variable also
includes a non-arbitrary zero value in it. It is
the most powerful and precise of all the scales
of measurement. The ratio scale has all the
properties of interval scale, but it has a the
most meaningful, zero point.
 Ratio Scale

• Thus, one cannot have any negative value

on the ratio scale. Here, along with the
property of same intervals, we may be able
to compare the scores by means of ratios.
 Ratio Scale

• Therefore, we can say that ratio scale of

measurement has all the four properties of
measurement which are - identity,
magnitude, equal intervals, and minimum
value of zero.
 Examples

• Symptoms of a disease - mild, moderate,

severe.
• Socioeconomic status (low, middle, high).
• The score of IQ test (difference between
someone's IQ of 110 and 98 is same as
difference between 130 and 142).
 Examples

• Measurement of weight.
• Rank in athletics.
• Time taken for completing a task.
• Behavioral patterns - extroverts, introverts
or ambivert.
 Examples

• Thermometer readings on Fahrenheit scale.

The value zero does not mean "the absence
of heat.“
• Nationality - Indian, American, African,
European etc.
• Time taken for completing a task.
 Examples

• Views about some political matter (Totally

agree, mostly disagree, totally disagree).
• Driving speed.
• Nationality - Indian, American, African,
European etc.