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ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS INSTRUMENTS

ANALOG AND DIGITAL

INDICATING INSTRUMENT

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 In which the
output or display
is continuous
function of time
and has constant
relation with
input

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CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
[Based on the quantity they measure]

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 *

Classifications………
[based on the kind of current]
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 *

Classifications of Analog
Instruments
[Based on the function]
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 *

Analog Indicating
Instrument
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 *Indicates the
quantity under
measurement by
means of using
dial and a pointer

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 *Gives a continuous
record of the
quantity being
measured over a
specified time
interval

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 *
Totalizes the events over a
specific time
They give as the product of
time and an electrical
quantity

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 *Deflecting system producing
deflecting torque
*Controlling system producing control
torque
*Damping system producing damping
torque

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 * Analog ammeter and voltmeter have the
same working principles

*PMMC
*Moving Iron
*Electro dynamometer

*
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 * Most accurate type for direct current measurements.
Moving coil is wound with many turns of silk covered copper
wire
* based on the motoring principle.
* The coil is mounted on a rectangular aluminum former
which is pivoted on jeweled bearings
* Coil moves freely in the field of permanent magnet
* is either rectangular or circular in shape.
* has number of turns of fine wire suspended so that it is free
to turn about its vertical axis.

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* Due to iron core, the deflecting torque increase, increasing
the sensitivity of the instrument.

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 * It has uniform scale
* The sensitivity is high.
* It consumes low power
* It has high accuracy.
* Instrument is free from hysteresis error.
* Extension of instrument range is possible.
* Not affected by external magnetic fields

*
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 * Suitable for direct current measurement only
* Ageing of permanent magnet and the control
springs introduces the errors.
* cost is high due to delicate construction and
accurate machining
* friction due to jewel-pivot suspension.

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 * Friction
* Temperature
* Aging of various parts

*
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 * Used to measure alternating current and
voltage.
* The movable system consists of one or more
pieces of specially-shaped soft iron pivoted so
as to acted up on by magnetic field induced by
the current in the coil.
It is generally of two types:
* Attraction type
* Repulsion type

Moving Iron Instrument

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*The coil is flat and has a narrow slot like opening.
* The moving iron is a flat disc or a sector eccentrically
mounted.
*When the current flows through the coil, a magnetic
field is produced and the moving iron moves from the
weaker field outside the coil to the stronger field
*The controlling torque is provide by springs hut gravity
control
*Damping is provided by air friction with the help of a
light aluminium piston

*
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 *
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 * there are two vanes inside the coil one fixed and other
movable
* The magnetized when the current flows through the coil and
there is a force of repulsion between the two vanes resulting
in the movement of the moving vane.
Two different designs are in common use :
* Radial Vane Type
* Co-axial Vane Type

*
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* The strips are placed within the coil.
* The fixed vane is attached to the coil and the movable one to
the spindle of the instrument

*
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* the fixed and moving vanes are sections of co axial cylinders
* The controlling torque is provided by springs.
* The damping torque is produced by air friction as in attraction
type instruments.
* The operating magnetic field is very weak and therefore eddy
current damping is not used in them as introduction of a
permanent magnet

*
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 * Hysteresis errror
* Temperature error
* Stray magnetic fields error
* Frequency error
* Eddy current error

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 * Used for both AC and DC measurement
* Less torque to weight ratio i.e friction is very less
* Cheap due to single moving element
* Good accuracy
* Withstand large loads
* The instrument range is extended

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 * Instruments scale is not uniform
* Presence of serious errors
The increase in temperature will increase:
The resistance of coil
Decrease stiffness of the spring
Decrease the permeability

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 * It is a transfer instrument
* Calibrated with dc source and also used for ac
measurements too

* No change in accuracy for both ac and dc

measurements

* for measuring ac and dc this instrument can be

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 *
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 * Magnetic field required for operation is obtained by using fixed
coils

* 2 fixed coils are present, a uniform magnetic field is created at

the centre the division of coils

* Coils are air cored

* Fine wire for … voltmeter
* Thick wire … for ammeter & wattmeter

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* As Ammeter: fixed coils, movable coil are connected in series
carrying the same current, a shunt resistance is connected to
limit the current
* As Voltmeter: Fixed coils, movable coil are connected in series
with a high non-inductive resistance ,, most accurate type of
voltmeter
* As wattmeter: to measure power.,, the fixed coil acts as a current
coil and connected in series with the load
* Field produced by the fixed coil is proportional to load current
* Field produced by the moving coil is proportional to the supply
voltage
* Deflecting torque is proportional to interaction of two fields and
proportional to the power supplied to the load

*
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 * Free from hysteresis and eddy loss
* High grade accuracy
* Can be used for both ac and dc
measurements

* Low power consumption

* Light in weight

*
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 * Low torque to weight ratio i.e low sensitivity
* Low torque to weight ratio gives increased frictional losses
* More expensive than PMMC and MI instruments.
* Sensitive to overloads and mechanical impacts.
* High operating current
* Have non-uniform scale

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* This type uses PMMC movement with
some kind of rectifiers
* PMMC is connected across the secondary
winding of a current transformer
* Rectifier converts AC to DC and then
passes it to the meter for measurements

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 * Induction type
instrument

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* Induction type instrument are commonly used as Energy watt
meters

* It is an example of integrating instruments which measures the

quantity of electricity

* This type of instrument is commonly used in domestic and

industrial application

* Measures energy in kilo watt hours [kWh]

* It works in the principle of induction ie production of eddy
currents

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 *
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 * Four main parts of operating system
*1. Driving system
*2.Moving system
*3. Braking system
*4.Registering system

*
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 * Consists of two electro magnets
* Coil of one electro magnet called Current coil
excited by the load current
[series magnet]
* The coil of another electro magnet called
pressure coil excited by the supply voltage, the
current is proportional to the supply voltage
[shunt magnets]

* Flux produced should be 90 degree lag with

supply voltage

*
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 * Light aluminum disc connected with light alloy
shaft
* Disc is placed in between series and shunt
magnets
* Supported with jewel bearing
* System runs on a steel hardened pivot
* Pinion in the shaft engages in counting
mechanism
* No springs so no controlling torque

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 * Damping mechanism is provided by a small permanent
magnet
* This is placed diametrically opposite to ac magnets
* The disc passes between the magnet gaps
* Eddy current is created in the disc that reacts with the
magnetic field and exerts braking torque
* Speed of the disc can be controlled by varying the position
of the braking magnet

*
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 * Counting mechanism is achieved by using train
of gears driven pinion gear arrangement
connected with the rotating shaft

* Which turns the pointer in the dials at the

front end indicating the number of rotations

* This meter integrates the instantaneous power

values so that the total energy consumed over
a period of time is known or measured

*
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 * Pressure coil is carried by shunt magnet M2
connected to supply voltage
* Series magnet M1 carries current coil which carries
load current
* Both these coils produces alternating fluxes ø1 and
ø2 which is proportional to their currents
* Part of these fluxes induces emf onto the disc
* Due to this eddy currents are induced in the disc
* Because of the interaction of magnetic fluxes of
magnets M1 , M2, and eddy currents
* The disc rotates

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 * Speed of the disc is controlled by the
permanent magnet
* Since the disc rotates in the air gap of
permanent magnet, eddy current is produced
in the disc
* So braking torque is generated
* Speed of the disc can be adjusted by
positioning the C shaped magnet

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