CONSTRUCTION

MATERIALS

DEEPTASHREE SAHA
INTERIOR DESIGN
4th SEMESTER

edexcel logo sourcewww.colossaltraining.co.uk

arch logo source : www.sholay.in
WOOD
What is construction material?
•Construction material is any material which is
used for construction purposes.
•Many naturally occurring substances have been
used to construct buildings :
oClay
oRocks Clay
oSand
oWood
oTwigs
oLeaves Stone
Twig
Sand
What is wood ?
•Wood is a porous and •It is an organic
fibrous structural tissue material, a natural
found in the stems and composite of cellulose fi
roots of trees and bers (which are strong in
other woody plants tension) embedded in
•It has been used for a matrix of lignin which
thousands of years for resists compression.
both fuel and as a
construction material.
Classification of wood

WOOD

NATUR ENGINEER
AL ED
WOOD WOOD
NATURAL WOOD
Where do we generally find
wood ?
fuel flooring

fuel furniture

utensils musical sports equipments

instruments
Wood processing
Physical Properties

Wood rings Water content Colour

Grains Knots
Classification of natural
wood
NATUR
AL
WOOD

HARD SOFT
WOO WOO
Hard wood
•Hardwood is wood from dicotangios
perm trees
•The term may also be used for the
trees from which the woodis derived;
these are usually broad-leaved.
•In temperate and boreal latitudes th
ey are mostly deciduous, but
in tropics and subtropics mostly everg
reen
•Hardwoods are not necessarily
harder than softwoods
Hard wood
Characteristics
•Hardwoods have a more complex
structure than softwoods
•Dark in colour
•Expensive
•Slower growth rate
•Higher density
•Heavy in weight
•More fire resistant than soft wood
•Strong in compression and
tension
Hard wood
Examples - Oak
•Light in colour
•Heavy
•Ring porous
•Open grain
•Hard to work with.
•When treated it looks classy and
elegant
Hard wood
Examples - Oak products
Hard wood
Examples - Maple
•Maple is so hard and resistant to
shocks that it is often used for
bowling alley floors.
•Its diffuse evenly sized pores
give the wood a fine texture and
even grain.
•Maple that has a curly grain is
often used for violin backs.
•Burls, leaf figure, and birds-eye
figures found in maple are used
extensively for veneers.
Hard wood
Examples - Maple products
Hard wood
Examples - Mahogany
•An easy to work wood
•reddish brown in colour
•Expensive
•Strong
• poorly defined annual rings
•may display stripe, ribbon,
broken stripe, rope, ripple, mottle,
fiddle back or blister figures
•excellent carving wood and
finishes well
Hard wood
Examples - Mahogany products
Hard wood
Examples - Cherry
• hard
•Strong
•Light to red-brown wood
•Resists warping and checking
•Easy to carve and polish
Hard wood
Examples – Cherry products
Hard wood
Examples – Rubber wood
•light colour
•Medium density
•Usually from the tree of rubber
plantation
•Advertised as eco-friendly wood
oBecause It is not grown
specially for timber but instead
have timber as by product
Hard wood
Examples – Rubber wood products
Soft wood
•Softwood is wood from gymnosperm
trees such as conifers
•Softwood is the source of about80%
of the world's production oftimber
•Softwoods are not necessarilysofter
than hardwoods
•The woods of long leaf pine, douglas
fir, and yew are much harder in the
mechanical sense than
several hardwoods
Soft wood
Characteristics
•Cheap comparative to hard wood
•Faster rate of growth
•Lower density
•Softer than hardwood
•Light in colour
•Light in weight
•Poor fire resistant
•Strength in tension but week in
sheer
Soft wood
Examples - Ash
•Hardwoods have a more complex
structure than soft woods
•Dark in colour
•Expensive
•Slower growth rate
•Higher density
•Heavy in weight
•More fire resistant than soft wood
•Strong in compression and
tension
Soft wood
Examples – Ash wood products
Soft wood
Examples - Pine
• soft
•White or pale yellow in colour
•Light weight
•Straight grains
•Lack figures
•Resists shrinking and swelling
•knotty
Soft wood
Examples – pine wood products
Soft wood
Examples -Cedar
•Knotty soft wood
•Red brown colour with light
steaks
•Aromatic and moth repellant
•Popular wood for lining drawers,
chests and boxes
• Brittle wood
Soft wood
Examples – cedar wood products
Soft wood
Examples –Red wood
•The best quality redwood comes
from the heartwood which is
resistant to deterioration due to
sunlight, moisture and insects
•Redwood burls have a "cluster of
eyes" figure.
•They are rare and valuable.
Soft wood
Examples – redwood products
NATURAL WOOD
seasoning
•Reduces moisture content of wood
•There are two main reasons :
i. Woodworking: when wood is used as a construction material,
whether as a structural support in a building or in wood
working objects, it will absorb or desorb moisture until it is in
equilibrium withits surroundings. Equilibration (usually drying)
causes unequal shrinkage in the wood, and can cause damage to
the wood if equilibration occurs too rapidly. The equilibration must
be controlled to prevent damage to the wood.
ii. Wood burning: when wood is burned, it is usually best to dry it first.
Over exploitation of natural
wood on nature So
•Deforestation Need for
•Desertification
•Extinction of species engineered wood
•Forced migration arises
•Soil erosion
•Ozone depletion
•Greenhouse gas increase
•Natural hazard and desert
ENGINEERED
WOOD
•Also called composite
wood, man-made wood,
or manufactured board
•Includes a range of
derivative wood products which
are manufactured by binding
or fixing the strands,
particles, fibers, or veneers or
boards of wood, together with
adhesives, or other methods of
fixation to form composite
materials
•Engineered wood products are
used in a variety of applications,
from home construction to
commercial buildings to
industrial products.
Engineered wood
Plywood
•Plywood is a sheet material manufactured
from thin layers or "plies" of wood
veneer that are glued together with adjacent
layers having their wood grain rotated up to
90 degrees to one another
•This alternation of the grain is called cross-
graining and has several important benefits:
o it reduces the tendency of wood to split
when nailed at the edges
o It reduces expansion and shrinkage,
providing improved dimensional stability
oIt makes the strength of the panel
consistent across all directions.
Engineered wood
Block board
•Blockboard is a wood based panel, made up
of a core of softwood strips gluedtogether
•The strips may be up to about 28mm wide
and are placed edge to edge and sandwiched
between veneers of softwood, hardwood or
thin MDF or particleboard, glued under high
pressure
•The internal strips are generally made of l ight
weight poplar wood or spruce
•Toachieve maximum strength, it isimpor tant
to ensure that thecore runs lengthways
•has very good screw holding
•it has a good resistance to warping.
Engineered wood
Veneers
•veneer refers to thin slices of wood,
usually thinner than 3 mm (1/8 inch),
that typically are glued onto core
panels
•Veneer is obtained either by "peeling"
the trunk of a tree or by slicing large
rectangular blocks of wood known as
flitches
• The appearance of
the grain and figure in wood comes
from slicing through the growth rings of
a tree and depends upon the angle at
which the wood is sliced
Engineered wood
Laminates
•Lamination is the technique of
manufacturing a material in multiple layers,so
that the composite materialachieves
improved strength, stability, soundinsulation,
appearance or other properties from the use
of differing materials
•A laminate is usually permanently assembled
by heat, pressure, welding, or adhesives
Engineered wood
Particle board
• also known aschipboard
•manufactured
from wood chips, sawmillshavings,
or even sawdust, and a
synthetic resin or other suitable
binder, which is pressed
and extruded
•It is a composite material
Engineered wood
Medium Density Fiber board
•made by breaking down
hardwood or softwood residuals
into wood fibres, oftenin
a delibrator, combining it
with wax and a resin binder, and
forming panels by applying
high temperature and pressure
•MDF is generally denser
than plywood
•It is made up of separatedfibres
•stronger and much denser
than particle board
Engineered wood
High Density Fiber board
•also called hardboard
•made out of explodedwood
fibres that have been highly
compressed
•Itdiffers from particle board
in that the bonding of the
wood fibres requires no
additional materials,
although resin is often added
•Unlike particle board, it will
not split or crack