WHAT IS EXCEL? AND WHAT ITS FUNCTION?

 Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets,[7] using a grid
of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data
manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to
answer statistical, engineering and There are a variety of functions available in Excel.
Here are some of the most common functions you'll use:
 SUM: This function adds all of the values of the cells in the argument.
 AVERAGE: This function determines the average of the values included in the
argument. It calculates the sum of the cells and then divides that value by the
number of cells in the argument.
 COUNT: This function counts the number of cells with numerical data in the
argument. This function is useful for quickly counting items in a cell range.
 MAX: This function determines the highest cell value included in the argument.
 MIN: This function determines the lowest cell value included in the argument.
 financial needs.
WHAT IS MS-WORD? WHAT ARE THE FUNCTION?
 Microsoft Word or MS-WORD (often called Word) is a
Graphical word processing program that users can type with.
It is made by the computer company Microsoft. Its purpose is
to allow users to type and save documents. Similar to
other word processors, it has helpful tools to make
documents.

 FUNCTION
 Microsoft Word is a word processing program that is part of
the Microsoft Office Suite package. The main purpose
of Word is to create text documents that can be saved
electronically, printed on paper or saved as PDF
files. Microsoft Word allows you to create text documents.
WHAT IS MS-POWER POINT? WHAT ITS
FUNCTION?
 PowerPoint is a complete presentation Graphics package. It
gives everything that we need to produce a professional-
looking presentation. PowerPoint offers word processing
software, outlining, drawing, graphing, and presentation
management tools- all designed to be easy to use and learn.
 FUNCTION
 It is commonly used in a variety of ways by business,
education and government employees to provide a
computerized "slide-show" for enhancing a
presentation. PowerPoint might be employed to direct
attention to an outline of the presentation, or to display
graphs and pictures, or to focus the audience on key points.
WHAT ARE THE SWITCHING TECHNIQUE? WHAT
ARE THE TYPE OF SWITCHING TECHINQUE?
 Switched communication networks are those in which data transformed from source to destination is routed between various intermediate nodes.
 There are basically three types of switching methods are made available. Out of three methods, circuit switching and packet switching are commonly used but the message switching has
been opposed out in the general communication procedure but is still used in the networking application.
 1) Circuit Switching
2) Packet Switching
3) Message Switching

Circuit Switching is generally used in the public networks. It come into existence for handling voice traffic in addition to digital data. How ever digital data handling by the use of circuit
switching methods are proved to be inefficient. The network for Circuit Switching is shown in figure.
 Circuit Switching Network
 Here the network connection allows the electrical current and the associated voice with it to flow in between the two respective users. The end to end communication was established during
the duration of call.
 In circuit switching the routing decision is made when the path is set up across the given network. After the link has been sets in between the sender and the receiver then the information is
forwarded continuously over the provided link.
 In Circuit Switching a dedicated link/path is established across the sender and the receiver which is maintained for the entire duration of conversation.
 Packet Switching
 In Packet Switching, messages are broken up into packets and each of which includes a header with source, destination and intermediate node address information. Individual Packets in
packet switching technique take different routes to reach their respective destination. Independent routing of packets is done in this case for following reasons:
 Bandwidth is reduces by the splitting of data onto different routes for a busy circuit.
 For a certain link in the network, the link goes down during transmission the the remaining packet can be sent through the another route.
 Packet Switching Network
 The major advantage of Packet switching is that they they are used for performing data rate conversion.
 When traversing the network switches, routers or the other network nodes then the packets are buffered in the queue, resulting in variable delay and throughput depending on the network’s
capacity and the traffic load on network.
 Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching, a method which sets up a limited number of dedicated connections of constant bit rate and constant
delay between nodes for exclusive use during the communication session.
 In cases where traffic fees are charged, for example in cellular communication, packet switching is characterized by a fee per unit of information transmitted.
 Message Switching
 In case of Message Switching it is not necessary to established a dedicated path in between any two communication devices. Here each message is treated as an independent unit and
includes its own destination source address by its own. Each complete message is then transmitted from one device to another through internetwork.
 Message Switching Data Network
 Each intermediate device receive the message and store it until the nest device is ready to receive it and then this message is forwarded to the next device. For this reason a message
switching network is sometimes called as Store and Forward Switching.
 Message switches can be programmed with the information about the most efficient route as well as information regarding to the near switches that can be used for forwarding the present
message to their required destination.
 The storing and Forwarding introduces the concept of delay. For this reasons this switching is not recommended for real time applications like voice and vide
DIFFERENCE BETWEEM PACKET AND
CIRCUIT SWITCHING TECHNIQUE?
WHAT IS CLIENT SERVER COMPUTING?

 In client/server computing, a server takes

requests from client computers and shares
its resources, applications and/or data with
one or more client computers on the
network, and a client is a computing device
that initiates contact with a server in order to
make use of a shareable resource.
A medium serves as the means
of communication whereas
a channel refers to the means of
transmission of a message between
the sender and the receiver. ... A
sender conveys his/her message to
the receiver by some medium (oral,
written or non verbal) over
some channel (electronic means or
printed Media).

WHAT ARE THE CHANNEL /MEDIA OF COMMUNICATION?


Operating system refers to the
collection of softwares that manages
hardware resources of a computer
and provides collective services to
the user. Different types of
Computer Operating Systems refer to
the collection of various softwares.
Every computer possesses
an operating system to run other
programs present in it
EXPLAIN THE TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM?
Types of Operating system

 Batch Operating System
 Multitasking/Time Sharing OS
 Multiprocessing OS
 Real Time OS
 Distributed OS
 Network OS
Mobile OS

 Batch Operating System
 Some computer processes are very lengthy and time-consuming. To speed the same
process, a job with a similar type of needs are batched together and run as a group.
 The user of a batch operating system never directly interacts with the computer. In this
type of OS, every user prepares his or her job on an offline device like a punch card and
submit it to the computer operator.
 Multi-Tasking/Time-sharing Operating systems
 Time-sharing operating system enables people located at a different terminal(shell) to use
a single computer system at the same time. The processor time (CPU) which is shared
among multiple users is termed as time sharing.
 Real time OS
 A real time operating system time interval to process and respond to inputs is very small.
Examples: Military Software Systems, Space Software Systems.
 Distributed Operating System
 Distributed systems use many processors located in different machines to provide very
fast computation to its users.
 Network Operating System
 Network Operating System runs on a server. It provides the capability to serve to manage
data, user, groups, security, application, and other networking functions.
 Mobile OS
 Mobile operating systems are those OS which is especially that are designed to power
smartphones, tablets, and wearables devices.
 Some most famous mobile operating systems are Android and iOS, but others include
BlackBerry, Web, and watchOS.
WHAT IS INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL COMMAND?

 Internal commands are commands that are

already loaded in the system. They can be
executed any time and are independent. On the
other hand, external commands are loaded
when the user requests for them. Internal
commands don't require a separate process to
execute them.
DIFFERNCE BETWEEN RING TOPOLOGY AND BUS
TOPOLOGY?
 In a Ring topology every device/node is
connected to exactly two other nodes one on
either side of it in closed loop fashion. All
messages travel though the ring either in a
clockwise direction or anti-clockwise
direction. Ring topology is very rarely used
today because they are expensive, difficult to
install.
 A Bus topology is a network topology in
which all nodes connect to the network via a
central cable, , called the bus. The bus acts
as the shared communication medium that
the devices are attached to. Any device that
wants to communicate with other device on
the network will send its data over the bus
which will be send to all attached devices but
the intended recipient will only process that
packet.

DATABASE FUNCTION OF SPREADSHEET?<11
FUNCTION>
 Excel Database Functions List
 Database Functions
 DAVERAGECalculates the average of values in a field of a list or database, that satisfy specified conditions.
 DCOUNTReturns the number of cells containing numbers in a field of a list or database that satisfy specified
conditions.
 DCOUNTAReturns the number of non-blank cells in a field of a list or database, that satisfy specified conditions.
 DGETReturns a single value from a field of a list or database, that satisfy specified conditions.
 DMAXReturns the maximum value from a field of a list or database, that satisfy specified conditions.
 DMINReturns the minimum value from a field of a list or database, that satisfy specified conditions.
 Database Functions.
 DPRODUCTCalculates the product of values in a field of a list or database, that satisfy specified conditions.
 DSTDEVCalculates the standard deviation (based on a sample of a population) of values in a field of a list or
database, that satisfy specified conditions.
 DSTDEVPCalculates the standard deviation (based on an entire population) of values in a field of a list or database,
that satisfy specified conditions.
 DSUMCalculates the sum of values in a field of a list or database, that satisfy specified conditions.
 DVARCalculates the variance (based on a sample of a population) of values in a field of a list or database, that satisfy
specified conditions.
 DVARPCalculates the variance (based on an entire population) of values in a field of a list or database, that satisfy
specified conditions
APPLICATION OF MS-EXCEL IN BUSINESS?<7>

 1. Data entry and storage

 At its most basic level, Excel is an excellent tool for both data entry and storage. In fact, an Excel file’s size is only limited by your device’s computing
power and memory. Worksheets can contain at most 1,048,576 rows and 16,384 columns.
 2. Collection and Verification of Business Data
 Businesses often employ multiple systems (i.e CRM, inventory) each with its own database and logs. All of which can be exported into Excel for easy
access. The program can also be used to clean up data, by removing incomplete or duplicate entries; eliminating such data from the beginning is
necessary as it can impact later analysis and reporting.
 3. Administrative and managerial duties
 One aspect of managerial duties is creating and outlining business processes. This aids in process optimization and is an effective tool for organizing
procedures and scenarios. Excel offers tools that allow users to create flow charts, which can include text, pictures, and animations.
 4. Accounting and budgeting
 Excel even includes accounting and budgeting templates for easy use. From there the software’s built in calculating and formula features are available
to help you organize and synthesize results.
 5. Data Analysis
 So you’ve been dumped with a giant pile of data and charged with drawing insights from it. Not to worry as Excel can also help you manage and
synthesize clear communicable results from it. One of the best features to do this is called Pivot Tables. They allow users to consolidate and focus on
certain segments of data from a large data set, creating concise snapshots that can be used as an interactive summary report.
 6. Reporting + Visualizations
 Data from both raw data sets and Pivot tables can even be used create charts and graphs. Which can be used for formal reports, presentations, or aid in
one’s data analysis. As they can provide another perspective on trends and performance. Visual reporting can be used in all sectors of business. For
instance, marketing teams can use a column chart to report the efficacy of an ad campaign over time and compare it to previous campaigns.
 7. Forecasting
 While reporting and reviewing results is an important aspect of any business, forecasting and being prepared for various scenarios and changes is just
as vital. Excel in conjunction with a third-party software can be used when simulating financial projections by using past data. Excel can also use a
chart’s data set to create a formula which can be used to calculate future values.
WHAT IS INTERNET,MODEM AND GOAL OF
NETWORKS?
 A modem modulates one or more carrier wave signals to encode digital information for transmission
and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that
can be transmitted easily and decoded reliably to reproduce the original digital data.
 GOALS OF NETWORK
 The main goal of networking is "Resource sharing", and it is to make all programs, data and
equipment available to anyone on the network without the regard to the physical location of the
resource and the user.
 A second goal is to provide high reliability by having alternative sources of supply. For example, all
files could be replicated on two or three machines, so if one of them is unavailable, the other copies
could be available.
 Another goal is saving money. Small computers have a much better price/performance ratio than
larger ones. Mainframes are roughly a factor of ten times faster than the fastest single chip
microprocessors, but they cost thousand times more.
 Another closely related goal is to increase the systems performance as the work load increases by
just adding more processors.
 Computer networks provide a powerful communication medium. A file that was updated or modified
on a network can be seen by the other users on the network immediately.
DEFINATION
DATA,COMMUNICATION,NETWORK
 Data is a collection of numbers, represented as bytes,
that are in turn composed of bits (binary digits) that can
have the value one or zero. Data is processed by
the CPU, which uses logical operations to produce new
data (output) from source data (input).
 The imparting or exchanging of information by
speaking, writing, or using some other medium.
 A computer network is a digital telecommunications
network which allows nodes to share resources. In
computer networks, computing devices exchange data
with each other using connections between nodes.
WHAT IS PRINT MANAGER?
 Print production managers organise, control and
monitor the flow of printed materials in a printing
or publishing company. They check schedules,
confirm product specifications, arrange
adjustments, oversee the work of staff in the
department, monitor the quality of the product and
ensure deadlines are met. Print production
assistants arrange page layouts of books,
magazine articles, photographs and advertising,
draw up headlines and prepare copy for printing.
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF COMMUNICATION?
 There are four main categories or communication styles including verbal, nonverbal, written and visual:

 1. Verbal
 Verbal communication is the use of language to transfer information through speaking or sign language. It is one of the most common types, often used during presentations, video
conferences and phone calls, meetings and one-on-one conversations. Verbal communication is important because it is efficient. It can be helpful to support verbal communication with both
nonverbal and written communication.
 Here are a few steps you can take to develop your verbal communication skills:
 Use a strong,,confident speaking voice.
 Use active listening.

 2. Nonverbal
 Nonverbal communication is the use of body language, gestures and facial expressions to convey information to others. It can be used both intentionally and unintentionally. For example, you
might smile unintentionally when you hear a pleasing or enjoyable idea or piece of information. Nonverbal communication is helpful when trying to understand others’ thoughts and feelings.
 Notice how your emotions feel physically.
 Be intentional about your nonverbal communications.
 Mimic nonverbal communications you find effective.

 3. Written
 Written communication is the act of writing, typing or printing symbols like letters and numbers to convey information. It is helpful because it provides a record of information for reference.
Writing is commonly used to share information through books, pamphlets, blogs, letters, memos and more. Emails and chats are a common form of written communication in the workplace.
 Here are a few steps you can take to develop your written communication skills:
 Strive for simplicity.
 Don’t rely on othersl
 Take time to review your written communications.
 Keep a file of writing you find effective or enjoyable.
 4. Visual
 Visual communication is the act of using photographs, art, drawings, sketches, charts and graphs to convey information. Visuals are often used as an aid during presentations to provide
helpful context alongside written and/or verbal communication. Because people have different learning styles, visual communication might be more helpful for some to consume ideas and
information.
 Here are a few steps you can take to develop your visual communication skills:
 Ask others before including visuals.
 Consider your audience.
WHAT IS COMPILOR AND INTERPRETOR?
WHAT IS LANGUAGE HIGH MACHINE
ASSEMBELY?
 An assembly language contains the same
instructions as a machine language, but the
instructions and variables have names instead
of being just numbers. ... Programs written in
high-level languages are translated
into assembly language or machine
language by a compiler.
A mode is a means ROUTER MODEM TOPOLOGY FORMULA
of communicating. A medium is the
channel or system through MEDIUM TYPES OF COMMUNIC RANGE
which communications are conveyed. AND MODES SOFTWARE ATION
... Both print and podcasts are forms
of media. When analyzing or BATCH AND CIRCUIT GATEWAY BRIDGE
producing multimodal compositions, REAL TIME AND
it is important to recognize the
operation of multiple modes within
OPERATING PACKET
artifacts. SYSTEM SWITCHING

EXPLAIN THESE OF THE FOLLOWING?

There are three types of software:
System Software
Application Software
ROUTER MODEM TOPOLOGY FORMULA
Utility Software (most of the people include this as a sub-category of

MEDIUM TYPES OF COMMUNIC RANGE

application software)
System Software
System software is a collection of one or more programs used to control
and coordinate the hardware and other application software. Generally the
system software may perform the following functions:
Communicates with hardware devices. Controls and monitors the proper
AND MODES SOFTWARE ATION
use of various hardware resources like CPU, memory, peripheral devices
like monitor, printer etc.
Supports the execution and development of other application software.
Few examples of system software are:
BATCH AND CIRCUIT GATEWAY BRIDGE
Operating system
Programming language translators
REAL TIME AND
OPERATING PACKET
Communication software
Compiler and Interpreters
Command line shell
Application Software
Application software is a collection of one or more programs used to solve SYSTEM SWITCHING
a specific task.
Generally software used in banking industry, airline/railway reservation,
generation of telephone or electricity bills etc. all fall under application
software.
Few examples of application software are:
Word processing software
Spreadsheet software
Database software
Education software
Entertainment software
Utility Software
Utility software is a collection of one or more programs that helps the user
in system maintenance tasks and in performing tasks of routine nature.
Utility programs help the users in disk formatting, data compression, data
backup, scanning for viruses etc.
Few examples of utility software are:
Anti-virus
Registry cleaners
Disk defragmenters
Data backup utility
Disk cleaners

EXPLAIN THESE OF THE FOLLOWING?

In computer programming, range refe ROUTER MODEM TOPOLOGY FORMULA
rs to possible variable values or the
interval that includes the upper and MEDIUM TYPES OF COMMUNIC RANGE
lower bounds of an array. AND MODES SOFTWARE ATION
BATCH AND CIRCUIT GATEWAY BRIDGE
REAL TIME AND
OPERATING PACKET
SYSTEM SWITCHING

EXPLAIN THESE OF THE FOLLOWING?

Batch data processing is an efficient ROUTER MODEM TOPOLOGY FORMULA
way of processing high volumes of
data is where a group of transactions MEDIUM TYPES OF COMMUNIC RANGE
is collected over a period of time. AND MODES SOFTWARE ATION
Data is collected, entered, processed
and then the batch results are BATCH AND CIRCUIT GATEWAY BRIDGE
produced (Hadoop is focused on REAL TIME AND
batch data processing).
Batch processing requires separate
OPERATING PACKET
programs for input, process and SYSTEM SWITCHING
output. An example is payroll and
billing systems.

In contrast, real time data processing

involves a continual input, process
and output of data. Data must be
processed in a small time period (or
near real time). Radar systems,
customer services and bank ATMs
are examples.

EXPLAIN THESE OF THE FOLLOWING?

Packet switching is a method of ROUTER MODEM TOPOLOGY FORMULA
grouping data that is transmitted over
a digital network MEDIUM TYPES OF COMMUNIC RANGE
into packets. Packets are made of a AND MODES SOFTWARE ATION
header and a payload. Data in the
header are used by networking BATCH AND CIRCUIT GATEWAY BRIDGE
hardware to direct the packet to its REAL TIME AND
destination where the payload is
extracted and used by application
OPERATING PACKET
software. SYSTEM SWITCHING
Circuit switching is a method of
implementing a
telecommunications network in which
two network nodes establish a
dedicated communications channel
(circuit) through the network before
the nodes may communicate. ... The
defining example of a circuit-switched
network is the early analog
telephone network.

EXPLAIN THESE OF THE FOLLOWING?

A gateway is a node (router) in a ROUTER MODEM TOPOLOGY FORMULA
computer network, a key stopping
point for data on its way to or from MEDIUM TYPES OF COMMUNIC RANGE
other networks. Thanks to gateways, AND MODES SOFTWARE ATION
we are able to communicate and
send data back and forth. The BATCH AND CIRCUIT GATEWAY BRIDGE
Internet wouldn't be any use to us REAL TIME AND
without gateways (as well as a lot of
other hardware and software).
OPERATING PACKET
SYSTEM SWITCHING

EXPLAIN THESE OF THE FOLLOWING?

A bridge is a type of computer ROUTER MODEM TOPOLOGY FORMULA
network device that provides
interconnection with other bridge MEDIUM TYPES OF COMMUNIC RANGE
networks that use the same protocol. AND MODES SOFTWARE ATION
Bridge devices work at the data link
layer of the Open System BATCH AND CIRCUIT GATEWAY BRIDGE
Interconnect (OSI) model, connecting REAL TIME AND
two different networks together and OPERATING PACKET
providing communication between
them. Bridges are similar to SYSTEM SWITCHING
repeaters and hubs in that they
broadcast data to every node.

EXPLAIN THESE OF THE FOLLOWING?

WHAT IS COMPUTER?
 A computer is a machine that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming.
Modern computers have the ability to follow generalized sets of operations, called programs. These programs enable computers to perform an extremely
wide range of tasks. A "complete" computer including the hardware, the operating system (main software), and peripheral equipment required and used
for "full" operation can be referred to as a computer system. This term may as well be used for a group of computers that are connected and work
together, in particular a computer network or computer cluster.
 Computers are used as control systems for a wide variety of industrial and consumer devices. This includes simple special purpose devices
like microwave ovens and remote controls, factory devices such as industrial robots and computer-aided design, and also general purpose devices
like personal computers and mobile devices such as smartphones. The Internet is run on computers and it connects hundreds of millions of other
computers and their users.
 Early computers were only conceived as calculating devices. Since ancient times, simple manual devices like the abacus aided people in doing
calculations. Early in the Industrial Revolution, some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms.
More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized analog calculations in the early 20th century. The first digital electronic calculating machines
were developed during World War II. The first semiconductor transistors in the late 1940s were followed by the silicon-based MOSFET (MOS transistor)
and monolithic integrated circuit (IC) chip technologies in the late 1950s, leading to the microprocessor and the microcomputer revolution in the 1970s.
The speed, power and versatility of computers have been increasing dramatically ever since then, with MOS transistor counts increasing at a rapid pace
(as predicted by Moore's law), leading to the Digital Revolution during the late 20th to early 21st centuries.
 Conventionally, a modern computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU) in the form of a metal-oxide-
semiconductor (MOS) microprocessor, along with some type of computer memory, typically MOS semiconductor memory chips. The processing element
carries out arithmetic and logical operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to
stored information. Peripheral devices include input devices (keyboards, mice, joystick, etc.), output devices (monitor screens, printers, etc.), and
input/output devices that perform both functions (e.g., the 2000s-era touchscreen). Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an
external source and they enable the result of operations to be saved and retrieved.