POLYMERS

by, Soroushi Ghalib

 Polymers? what are they?
 Polymers are large organic macromolecules.
 The compounds which consist of giant/large molecules formed by repeated joining/linking
of large number of small units/molecules, known as monomers.
 Polymers are the special kind of macromolecules, the word comes from Greek ‘poly’

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meaning ‘many’ and ‘meres’ meaning ‘parts’/‘repeating units’.
 Monomers present as small molecules that can be bonded to other identical molecules to
form a polymer and undergo polymerisation.

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Length and Description.

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Polymerization
 polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction
to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks.
Polymerization, any process in which relatively small molecules, called monomers,
combine chemically to produce a very large chainlike or network molecule, called a polymer.

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The monomermolecules may be all alike, or they may represent two, three, or more
different compounds. Usually at least 100 monomer molecules must be combined to make a
product that has certain unique physical properties—such as elasticity, high tensile strength, or
the ability to form fibres—that differentiatepolymers from substances composed of smaller
and simpler molecules; often, many thousands of monomer units are incorporated in a single
molecule of a polymer. The formation of stable covalent chemical bonds between the
monomers sets polymerization apart from other processes, such as crystallization, in
which large numbers of molecules aggregate under the influence of weak intermolecular
forces.

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Homopolymer and Copolymer.
• When a single/one type of monomer is polymerized into a macromolecule, that is all the
repeat units are still the same type, the product is called a homopolymer.
Example, -A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-
• Copolymers, on the other hand are made from two or more/multiple types of monomers

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are linked/polymerised together, that is all the repeat units are not the same.
example, -A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-

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Copolymer types
Two different monomers polymerized together to give different types of copolymers.
• Random copolymers
a and b randomly positioned along the chain
-A-B-B-A-A-B-A-B-B-

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• Alternating copolymers
a and be alternate in polymer chain
-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-
• Block copolymers
large blocks of a units alternate with large blocks of b
-A-A-A-A-B-B-B-B-
• Graft copolymers
chains of b units grafted onto a backbone
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-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A- (arrow downwards) B-B-B-B-B-

types of polymerisation
• Addition polymerization
the monomers react to form a polymer without the formation of by-products.
Polymers produced are called the addition polymers.

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Usually carried out in the catalysts which in some cases exert control over structural details
that have important effects of on the properties of the polymer. The monomers must be
unsaturated either alkenes or alkynes that is double/triple bonds must be present. the
molecular weight of the polymer will be an integral multiple of monomer’s molecular weight.
Three types of mechanisms, namely; free-radical mechanism, ionic mechanism, co-ordination
mechanism.
example, polyvinyl chloride/pvc, poly(propylene), polyethylene, poly(tetrafluoroethene)/teflon

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types of polymerisation
• Condensation reaction
the reaction of the intermolecular condensation of two different monomers to form a large
chain of polymer molecules, the process is accompanied by the formation of a molecule of
some simple compound such as hydrochloric acid, ammonia but often water.

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The polymer resulted are called the condensation polymers
the molecular weight of the polymer will be the product of the degree of polymerisation and
the molecular weight of the repeating unit.
example; bakelite, nylon, polyester

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Differences.
Natural Polymers
• Natural polymers are polymer compounds, which are mostly chemical compounds in
biological systems that can be found naturally in our environment. These polymers are
mainly found in three types as polysaccharides, polyamides, and polynucleotides.
• Polysaccharides, polymers that are composed of monosaccharide units, most common being
glucose, fructose and galactose. They can be found in animals and plants. Starch in plants as
the storage carbohydrate and Glycogen in animals as the storage carbohydrate.

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• Polyamides, proteins and other naturally occurring polymers that have peptide bond,
which is an amide type of covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive alpha-amino
acids. Called polyamides due to the presence of a number of amide groups all over the
polymer. Proteins, made out of amino acids. Thus, amino acids being the monomers. Small
proteins, polypeptides since there are several peptide bonds around the polymers. Being the
major structural components of animals and plants. Examples, silk and wool in plants;
and enzymes such as amylase in animals.
• Polynucleotides, DNA and RNA. the monomer being nucleotides, which is composed of a
sugar molecule bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are
bonded to each other through covalent bonds, polymer being polynucleotides. dna and rna
can be found in any living organisms: plants, animals, bacteria, etc. 10
Synthetic Polymers
• Synthetic polymers are polymer compounds that are produced artificially by humans. These
polymers are mainly produced from petroleum oil. Synthetic polymers can be further
categorized depending on the method of production, components used in production. The
polymers synthesized by condensation polymerisation are called the condensation polymers.
Polymers synthesized by addition polymerization are known as addition polymers.

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• Moreover, synthetic polymers can be categorized as organic polymers or inorganic
polymers. Organic polymers whose backbone chain is essentially made up of carbon atoms.
Inorganic polymers are not composed of hydrocarbons. examples being polyethylene,
polypropylene,Teflon, polystyrene, glass, silicon and rubber.
•

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Differences
Degree of polymerisation
• A degree of polymerization is a key characteristic of polymers that determine physical
properties of polymer materials. Polymers are large molecules that consist of repeating
structural (monomer) units.
• For example, polyethylene is composed of repeating units (CH2-CH2)n where “n” is an

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integer number that indicates the degree of polymerization. Mathematically, this parameter
is a ratio of the molecular weights of the polymer and the respective monomer unit.

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Molecular weight.

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How it effects the environment.
• Disadvantages that is biodegradable

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Degradable and biodegradable
• Plastics and something.

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Comparison
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Charts and Graphs
$2Bn

Growth

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Shows
Sales
20YY 20YY

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Charts and Graphs

Growth

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24% 60% 65%

Shows
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amet. amet.

Sales
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amet.

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Charts and Graphs

Growth

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Shows
2 2

3
2.4 2.8
1.8

Sales
4.4

4.3 2.5 3.5 4.5

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

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Table

Column One Title Column Two Title

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Lorem Ipsum Dolor Sit
Amet, 5,000 40,000
Consectetur Adipiscing
Elit. 50,000 400,000
Etiam Aliquet Eu Mi Quis
Lacinia. 500,000 4 000,000
TOTAL -1 968,750 -4 800,000

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