Geological Hazards

Mini-Museum

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 Geotectonic Phenomena
VOLCANO EARTHQUAKE
 Signifies a vent, hill, or  A weak to violent
mountain from which shaking of the ground
molten or hot rocks produced by sudden
with gaseous materials movement of rock
are ejected. materials below the
earth’s surface.

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 Volcanic Hazards

PYROCLASTIC FLOW LAVA FLOW

ASHFALL LAHAR
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 Volcano Alert Level Scheme
ALERT CRITERIA INTERPRETATION/
0 All monitored parameters are within background/
No eruption is foreseen.
(NORMAL) baseline levels.

1 Slight increase in volcanic earthquakes, The source of activity is shallow or near crater. Entry into
(ABNORMAL) steam/gas activity, slight inflation. PDZ is forbidden.

2 Elevated levels of any of the following: volcanic Probable ascent and intrusion of magma which may lead
Elevated Level of earthquakes, steam/gas activity, ground to eruption within weeks or months. Entry into PDZ is
Volcanic Unrest deformation, other parameters.. forbidden.

3 Relatively high and increasing unrest due to

Magmatic processes underway and may lead to eruption
High Level of further intensified in volcanic earthquake, gas,
within days to weeks. Evacuation of hazard zones.
Volcanic Unrest ground deformation parameters

4 Intense unrest characterized by earthquake

Low-level eruption in progress and may lead to
swarms and tremors, many perceptible, high gas
Hazardous output, intense ground deformation. Activity may
hazardous highly explosive eruption. Hazard zones may
Eruption Imminent be extended for a few kilometers or more.
involve lava extrusion and dome growth.

5 Highly explosive eruption in progress with

Hazardous eruption in progress. Flowing or falling
billowing tall ash-laden eruption columns, in
Life-Threatening materials encroach into settlements. Additional danger
excess of tens of kilometers, widespread
ERUPTION areas may be recommended as eruption progresses.
dispersal of volcanic hazards..

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 Earthquake Hazards

Ground Rupture Tsunami

Liquefaction Ground shaking

Landslide Fire
5

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 Fault (Ground) Rupture
• Creation of new or the renewed movements of old
fractures, oftentimes with the two blocks on both sides
moving in opposite directions.

Pilapils (rice paddy dikes) in Imugan,

Nueva Vizcaya displaced left-laterally
by the ground rupture of the 1990
Northern Luzon Earthquake.

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 MITIGATION MEASURE:
No construction of houses,
schools and critical facilities
on top of an active fault;
buffer zone of at least 5
meters away from the fault
trace

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 Ground Shaking
 Thedisruptive up and down and sideways motion
experienced during an earthquake.

1990 Luzon Earthquake

1995 Kobe Earthquake

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PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)

I - Scarcely Perceptible
II - Slightly Felt
III - Weak
IV - Moderately Strong
V - Strong
VI - Very Strong
VII - Destructive
VIII - Very Destructive
IX - Devastating
X - Completely
Devastating

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 Liquefaction
 A process that
transforms the behavior
of a body of sediment
from that of a solid to
that of a liquid

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 Impacts of Liquefaction
Rise of buried pipes, tanks

Lateral spreading Ground Subsidence

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 Landslide
 The movement of a mass of rock, debris or earth, down
a slope, when shear stress exceeds shear strength of
the material. They are normally triggered by rain and/or
earthquake.

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 Solongon, La Libertad Landslide
The 2/6/2012
Magnitude 6.9
Negros Oriental
Earthquake

Zamora, Guihulngan Landslide

Intense shaking +
Steep slope =
Landslide

Heavy rain +
Intense shaking +
Steep slope =
Landslide (Very
High Probability)

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 What to do BEFORE?
 The key to effective
disaster prevention is
planning.
 Determine if site is along an active
fault and/or prone to liquefaction or
landslide.

 Use proper structural design and

engineering practice when
constructing a house or building.

 Evaluate structural soundness of

buildings and important
infrastructures; strengthen or
retrofit if found necessary.

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 What to do BEFORE?
 Familiarize yourself with
your place of work/study
and residence
 Identify relatively strong parts of the
building where you can take refuge
during an earthquake
 door jambs
 elevator shafts
 sturdy tables

 Learn to use fire extinguishers, first

aid kits, alarms and emergency exits.
These should be
accessible/conveniently located and
properly marked.

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What to do BEFORE?
 Prepare your place of work
and residence for the
event
 Strap heavy furniture to walls to
prevent sliding or toppling.
 Store breakable items, harmful
chemicals and flammable materials
in lowermost shelves and secure
firmly.
 Turn off gas tanks when not in use.
 Keep heavy materials in lower
shelves.
 Check stability of hanging objects.
 Maintain an earthquake survival kit.

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Emergency Kit

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 What to do DURING?
 If inside a structurally sound building, stay
there!

Protect your body from falling debris by bracing yourself in a

doorway or by getting under a sturdy desk or table.

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 What to do DURING?

Duck – get under a sturdy piece of furniture,

making yourself into a little ball (do not duck under
beds or other objects that could collapse).

Cover – keep your head and eyes protected

from falling or flying objects. Cover your head with
one hand.

Hold – with your other hand, hold onto the piece

of furniture. If it moves, move with it. Stay under
shelter until you are sure the shaking has stopped.

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 What to do DURING?
 If inside a structurally sound building, stay there!

Get away from power lines, Stay away from buildings with
posts, walls and other structures glass panes.
that may fall or collapse.
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 What to do AFTER?
 If inside an old, weak structure, take the Fastest and
safest way out!

 Get out calmly in an

orderly manner. Do not
rush to the exit.

 Use the stairs. Do not use

elevators.

 Check yourself and

others for injuries.

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What to do AFTER?
 Check surroundings

 Clean up chemical spills,

toxic flammable materials to
avoid any chain of unwanted
events.
 Check for fire and if any,
have it controlled.
 Check water and electrical
lines for defects. If any
damage is suspected, turn
the system off in the main
valve or switch.

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 What to do AFTER?
 Help reduce the number of casualties from the
earthquake:
 Don’t enter partially
damaged building, strong
aftershocks may cause
these to collapse.

 Gather information and

disaster prevention
instruction from battery-
operated radios.

 Obey public safety

precautions.

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 What to do AFTER?
 Unless you need emergency help:
 Do not use your telephone
to call relatives and friends.
Disaster prevention
authorities may need the
lines for emergency
communications

 Do not use your car and

drive around areas of
damage. Rescue and relief
operations need the road
for mobility.

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 What to do AFTER?

 If you must evacuate your

residence, leave a message
stating where you are
going

 Take with you your

earthquake survival kit,
which should contain all
necessary items for your
protection and comfort.

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 Tsunami
 A Japanese term meaning “harbor waves”
 A series of waves generated by various geological
processes

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What causes a Tsunami?

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 NOT Tsunami…
Tidal waves, storm surge, surfs -
Tidal waves
» Gravitational
attraction between
the earth & other
heavenly bodies
(sun, moon,
planets)
Tsunami -

Waves due to
strong winds
» Surfs
» Storm surges

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Philippine Tsunami Information
Tsunami Information Threat to Philippines Recommended Action for Affected
Areas
Advisory Large earthquake occurred No evacuation needed. For information
butno tsunami threat to only.
coastlines.
NO TSUNAMI THREAT
Advisory Sea level change will be Public is advised to wait for updates.
SEA LEVEL CHANGE monitored.
MONITORING
Expected waves of less People advised to stay away from beach.
Advisory than 1 meter above
expected ocean tide. People with houses very near beach
advised to move inland.
MINOR SEA LEVEL
DISTURBANCE Boats at sea advised to stay offshore in
deep waters.

Destructive tsunami Immediate evacuation of coastal

TSUNAMI WARNING expected with wave heights communities strongly advised.
of more than 1 meter above
ocean tide. Boats at sea advised to stay offshore in
deep waters.
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 Types of Tsunami
Lead time
Warning mechanism in
Type Source earthquake
place
to tsunami
trench or fault in 4 – 20 Being established
Philippine region, minutes
usually less than must rely on natural signs such
LOCAL 200 km from as moderate to intense shaking
in coastal area, unusual water
shoreline
level rise or fall

trench or fault 1 – 24 hours International Centers*

outside the PHIVOLCS
FAR-FIELD Philippine
NDCC
Regional region
or Trans- (ex. Japan, Hawaii, *Pacific Tsunami Warning
Pacific Chile) Center, NW Pacific Tsunami
Information Center)

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Natural signs of an impending Tsunami

 Felt earthquake
 Unusual &
sudden rise or fall
of coastal waters
o Exposure of corals, DROP
underwater rocks, and
marine life

 Unusual Sound
ROAR
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Structural Countermeasures
 Sea walls and breakwaters
 Tide control gates
 Flood gates
 Elevated Structure

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 Non-Structural Countermeasures
 Sufficient road networks & paths to
elevated areas with tsunami
signages
 Information campaign
 Preparation of Tsunami Evacuation
Plan

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Non-Structural Countermeasures
 Planting of trees and
preservation of mangrove

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Earthquakes knows no barriers…

Banda Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia

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 PHIVOLCS Contact
Earthquake & Tsunami (24/7):
Tel. Numbers
+632 929-9254 www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph
+632 426-1468 loc 124 / 125
Fax number
 +632 927-1087

Volcano (24/7):
Tel. Numbers
/PHIVOLCS
 +632 426-1468 loc 127

Telefax number
 +632 927-1095

IEC materials: @phivolcs.dost

 +632 426-1468 loc 128

 +632 927-4524

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Just when we have forgotten the
past, history repeats itself…
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