GROUP 3

TRANSMISSION Members:
Maligaya, Karl Maru C.

ELECTRON Medalla, Reniel R.a

Paglinawan, Franz Christian N.

MICROSCOPE Rodriguez, Ian Paul G.

Ruedas, Pauline C.
Santos, Reign Jazmine G.
Sevilla, Jade Andrea C.
Seviila, Kien Miguel U.
Valladolid, Raphael Angelo E.
Vergara, Francine Alyza V.
Villaluna, Darrilyn C.
Introduction to TEM
• Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a
technique used to observe the features of very
small specimens. The technology uses an
accelerated beam of electrons, which passes
through a very thin specimen to enable a scientist
the observe features such as structure and
morphology.
• The technology was first developed by German
scientists Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska in 1931 and has
evolved over the years to become a common
technique that is used globally in science and
engineering to look at micro and nanoparticles.
Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska
Uses of Transmission Electron
Microscope
• A Transmission Electron Microscope
(TEM) utilizes energetic electrons to
provide morphologic, compositional and
crystallographic information on samples.
• At a maximum potential magnification of
1 nanometre, TEMs are the most
powerful microscopes. TEMs produce
high-resolution, two-dimensional images,
allowing for a wide range of educational,
science and industry applications.
• A Transmission Electron Microscope
functions under the same basic principles
as an optical microscope.
• In a TEM, electrons replace photons,
electromagnetic lenses replace glass
lenses and images are viewed on a screen
rather than through an eyepiece.
Magnification
• Light microscopes are great and all, but sometimes
their (relatively) low magnification and resolution are
unsatisfactory for viewing very small things, like
Organelles within cells. In these circumstances,
and Electron Microscope may be used. Electrons have
a much lower wavelength than light (100000 times
shorter in fact, at 0.004nm) which means that they can
be used to produce an image with resolution as great
as 0.1nm. Electron Microscopes can have
magnifications of ×500000.
• There are different types of Electron Microscope.
A Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)produces
a 2D image of a thin sample, and has a maximum
resolution of ×500000.
Resolution
• Resolution is the amount of detail you can see in
an image. You can enlarge a photograph
indefinitely using more powerful lenses, but the
image will blur together and be unreadable.
Therefore, increasing the magnification will not
improve the resolution. This is also known as the
resolving power.
• In a TEM, a monochromatic beam of electrons is
accelerated through a potential of 40 to 100
kilovolts (kV) and passed through a strong
magnetic field that acts as a lens. The resolution
of a TEM is about 0.2 nanometers (nm). This is the
typical separation between two atoms in a solid.
What is a Transmission Electron
Microscope?
• Electrons pass through a (very thin) sample
(i.e. are transmitted) to form an image.
• This technology can tell us about the
structure, crystallization, morphology and
stress of a substance whereas scanning
electron microscopy can only provide
information about the morphology of a
specimen. However, TEM requires very thin
specimens that are semi-transparent to
electrons, which can mean sample
preparation takes longer.
Principle
TEM operates on the same basic principles as the
light microscope but uses electrons instead of
light. Since, light microscope is limited by the
wavelength of light. TEMs use electrons as a
“light source” and their much lower wavelength
makes it possible to get a resolution a 1000 times
better than with a light microscope.
Instrument
Main Components of TEM
The TEM can be broken down into a few main
components, these are:
• The Gun – which produces electrons.
• The condenser system – which forms the probe.
• The sample – sample preparation is important, and time
consuming.
• Image formation – use of image plane or back focal
plane.
• Intermediate lens- transmitting and magnifying the first
enlarged diffraction or image pattern to projector lens.
• Projection of the image (magnification), viewing and
recording.
 Advantages of TEM
A Transmission Electron Microscope is an
impressive instrument with a number of
advantages such as:
• TEMs offer the most powerful magnification,
potentially over one million times or more
• TEMs have a wide range of applications and
can be utilized in a variety of different
scientific, educational and industrial fields
• TEMs provide information on element and
compound structure
• Images are high quality and detailed
 Disadvantages of TEM
• TEMs are large and very expensive
• Laborious sample preparation
• Operation and analysis requires special
training
• Samples are limited to those that are electron
transparent, able to tolerate the vacuum
chamber and small enough to fit in the
chamber
• TEMs require special housing and maintenance
• Images are black and white.
• Electron microscopes are sensitive to vibration and
electromagnetic fields and must be housed in an area
that isolates them from possible exposure.
• A Transmission Electron Microscope requires constant
upkeep including maintaining voltage, currents to the
electromagnetic coils and cooling water.