MICROWAVE MAGNETICS

R.P.R.C. AIYAR
What is microwave? – e.m wave
l at 3 kHz 105 m
l>> size of object
l at 3 MHz 102 m

l at 3 GHz 1 cm l= size of object

l at optical 10-6 m l<< size of object

 PROPAGATION
• Conventional method of analysis not valid
• Lumped vs distributed parameters
• Free space – launched through antenna e.g.
Radar, cellphones (antenna)
• Transmission lines e.g waveguide, coaxial
line, stripline, microstripline
• Key design criteria – Impedance matching
 WAVE PROPAGATION

Conceptually different from low f devices

P Q

VP VQ
P
Q
 WAVE PROPAGATION

Phase of the wave (space dependence)

Voltage/current → E/H
Length of the line important
inductance per unit length and capacitance per
unit length
Distributed vs lumped parameters
Layout of subcomponents critical
 TRANSMISSION LINES

General characterstics
L, C, R, G per unit length
Characteristic Impedance
Propagation constant
Attenuation per unit length
Frequency band (Cutoff frequency)
Dispersion
 TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINES

waveguide
stripline

Coaxial line microstripline

 TRANSMISSION LINES

Coaxial line – 2 conductor line

Broadband performance
Dominant mode - TEM mode
Various types – BNC, N, SMA, K etc.
Limitations – High power handling
Analytical solutions possible
 TRANSMISSION LINES

Waveguide – Only one conductor

Band pass performance
Dominant mode - TE mode
Analytical solutions possible in some
cases
Various geometries
 TRANSMISSION LINES

Stripline – Atleast three conductors

Broadband performance
Dominant mode - TE mode
Mostly numerical solutions
Dielectric medium possible
 TRANSMISSION LINES

Microstripline – two conductors

Broadband performance
Dominant mode - TE mode
Mostly numerical solutions
Planar configuration
MMIC compatible
 APPLICATION OF MICROWAVES

• Defence – Radar/ warfare

• Communications – Mobile Phones

• Microwave Heating – oven/ drying

• Non-destructive testing/ evaluation

DEVICES BASED ON MAGNETIC MATERIALS

Circulator – used as duplex switch

Non-reciprocal behaviour
Single antenna for transmit/ receive
Antenna
 MAGNETIC MATERIALS AT MICROWAVE
FREQUENCIES

• Interaction of magnetic moment with magnetic

field of e.m wave
• Non-reciprocal behaviour
• Rotation of plane of polarisation – Faraday/
Kerr effects
• Resonance phenomena
 EQUATION OF MOTION FOR
MAGNETISATION
Angular momentum L = J
Mag. moment m = J A/m = 0J T
Gyromagnetic ratio  = ge /( 2me )
dL d  m 
Torque N = m B = =   
dt dt   

= 0 M  H 
dM
M = nm
dt
 FREE OSCILLATIONS

Let H = H 0 zˆ
Solution of equation: Mz=constant
M x2  M y2 = constant
The tip of M describes a cone
d 2 Mx
2
 w H Mx = 0
2 M y =  jM x
dt
w H =  0 H0 wH in microwave range
Precession of M about H
 Larmor precession
H
M

H is internal field – demagnetisation,

anisotropy, exchange
 FORCED OSCILLATIONS

Assume H = H 0  he jwt
M = M 0  me jwt

with h<<H0 and m<<M0

Z
H0
M0

h Y
m
X
 TENSOR PERMEABILITY

Linearised approximation
bx    j 0 hx  w M =  0 M 0
b  =   j  
0 hy  
 y 0
   w H =  0 H0
bz   0 0 1  hz 

w H w H  w M   w 2
 = 1  =
 0 M 0w w 2
H  w 2

= 2
wH w2
 DAMPING
Damping – Loss-responsible for saturation
Important consideration for applications
H
M
 DAMPING

Convenient to introduce phenomenologically

Bloch Bloembergen form:(originally from NMR)
T1 - spin lattice relaxation time
T2 - processes that oppose precession
 dM  M x ,y
  =  0  M  H 
 dt  x , y T2
 dM  Mz  M0
  =  0  M  H z 
 dt  z T1
 DAMPING

Landau Lifshitz damping

Very well describes overall losses
dM  dM
dt
=  0  M  H 
M
M
dt
 = 1 / wT

 is a damping constant
w H  w H  j / T in expressions for 
 EXPRESSION FOR 

Let  =    j 

 = 1

w M Tw H T w H T   wT   1
2 2



  =

w M T w H T   wT   1
2 2



 
 = w H T   wT   1  4w H T 
2 2 2 2
 EXPRESSION FOR 

Let  =    j 

 =

wTw M T w H T   wT   1
2 2



2wTw H Tw M T
  = 


 
 = w H T   wT   1  4w H T 
2 2 2 2
 RESONANCE PLOTS

Plot of   =  1
10

5
dh=500
0
dh=200
0 500 1000 1500 2000
-5

-10

Frequency = 2.8 GHz and 4pMs = 3000G

 RESONANCE PLOTS

Plot of   =  
16
14
12
10
dh=500
8
6 dh=200
4
2
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000

Frequency = 2.8 GHz and 4pMs = 3000G

 DIAGONALISATION

Define h=hxjhy etc

m=() b=()
tensor is diagonal  and  are scalars
Circular polarisation (right/left polarisation)
hx=h, hy= -(jh); hz=0;
wM
 r ,l = 1 
(w H  j / T )  w
Only for r resonance at w=wH.
 INTERNAL DC MAGNETIC FIELD

Infinite sample : No demagnetization

Finite sample: Solve Boundary value prob.
Size << wavelength  H inside constant
Use Demagnetization tensor
Internal field given by
Hi = H0 - N. M hi = h – N.m
 INTERNAL DC MAGNETIC FIELD

Expressions for susceptibility tensor

w w  j / T   N w 
 =
M H y M

w  w   2 j / T w  w  N  N  / 2
xx 2 2
r H M x y

w M w H  j / T   N x w M 
 yy = 2
w r  w 2   2 j / T w H  w M  N x  N y  / 2
jww M
 yx =   xy = 2
w r  w 2   2 j / T w H  w M  N x  N y  / 2
w H =  0 H 0  N z w M
 RESONANCE CONDITION
Resonance frequency given by
w r =  0 H 0   N x  N z w M  0 H 0   N y  N z w M 
1/2

Sphere : Nx = Ny = Nz = 1/3 w r =  0 H 0

Slab :  field Nx = Ny = 0; Nz = 1
w r =  0  H 0  M 
In-plane field , Nx = Nz = 0; Ny = 1
w r =  0  H 0  H 0  M 
1/2
 EFFECT OF ANISOTROPY
Resonance frequency given by
w r =  0 H 0   N x  N  N z w M  0 H 0   N y  N  N z w M 
1/2
a a
x y

Effective demagnetization factor : Na

Anisotropy field: Ha = Na. M

For both cubic and uniaxial crystals
2K 1
N =
a
x
0M2
 POLYCRYSTALLINE FERRITES
Anisotropy shift 2K 1
Ha = Add
Due to averaging 0M

Mv
Porosity contribution Hp = Subtract
3V

Inhomogenous demagnetization
Wall effect
 LINEWIDTH
2
Related to damping parameter H =
 0 T

In polycrystalline ferrites corrections( all

additive)
Effective linewidth: Off-resonance linewidth
2 2  M  B /  
H = = 0
eff
 T 2   H  M / 2   M
0
2
0

 is diag. component of tensor susceptibility

 SPIN WAVES
Mechanism of energy loss in ferromagnets
Tensor nature of  responsible
Exchange field acts like a restoring force
DC field only  all dipoles precess in phase
Rf field at one end  increase precession angle
of some spins w.r.t n.n
Internal exch. field acts to align nn spins
Disturbance travels along the lattice
 SPIN WAVES

Uniform precession Spin wave mode

k=0 k≠0
 SPIN WAVES
Ellipsoidal samples (with dim. larger than
wavelength of spin wave)
Effective tensor  by previous method
Spin wave dispersion relation
k=0 : normal FMR. ( uniform precession)
k =angle between k and H0
w = w  N w  w a k w  N w  w a k  w sin  k 
2 2 2 2 2 1/ 2
k H z M ex H z M ex M

Region between k=0 to k= p/2 -manifold

 LOSS MECHANISMS
Convenient to consider relaxation time, T
rf driving field unformly Spin
precessing spin Spin-spin wave
system relaxation reservoir

Spin -lattice
relaxation

Lattice
 LOSS MECHANISMS
Early attempts – B-B form – not satisfactory
Spin waves – key to line broadening
Spin wave modes with different k but same
energy created
transfer of energy - line broadening.
imperfections in the specimen scatter energy to
the degenerate spin waves
 SPIN WAVE MANIFOLD

=p/2
w
=0

k
 HIGH POWER EFFECTS
Linearised eqns. used earlier not valid
Non-linear coupling of (k=0) spin wave to (k0)
spin wave
damping term k similar to low power

 k =  0 Hk / 2
Hk = spin wave linewidth
Can be detected only by parallel pumping
 PLANE WAVE PROPAGATION
Infinite medium : Maxwell’s equations
  E =  jw   h   h = jwE
DC field along Z axis
Propagation vector in XZ plane at angle  with Z
Plane wave solution of form exp(-(n.r))
=0 Longitudinal propagation
=900 Transverse propagation
 LONGITUDINAL PROPAGATION
w 2
w 2

 =
2
 2
 r     =  2
 r
c c
Phase constant

w  r 
   
1/2


1/2
 =      
1/2
 
2 2

c 2


->+ for H<Hres -<+ for H>Hres

 LONGITUDINAL PROPAGATION
Differential Phase shift: --+
Attenuation:
w  r 
   
1/ 2


1/ 2
 =      
1/2
 
2 2

c 2


Faraday rotation 
   l  -
= =     
2 2 +
  1/2
r w M
= indep. of w
l 2c
 TRANSVERSE PROPAGATION
Proagation constant
jw 1/2
   
2 2 1/2
jw 1/2
 = r
   = r

c    c

Two linearly polarised waves

 FERRITES IN TRANSMISSION LINES
Use Maxwell’s equations with appropriate
boundary conditions
Non-reciprocal propagation as in free space
Tensor  responsible
Phase shift, Faraday rotation etc.
Useful for devices
 MICROWAVE DEVICES
1. Faraday rotation
Phase shifter
Circulator
2. Resonance devices
Isolators
2. Junction circulators
+1200 Additive phase – Transmission
-1200 subtractive phase - Attenuation
 PROPERTIES OF FERRITE FOR
DEVICES
Specified Prop. Unspecified Prop.
4pMs wM/w~0.5 Microstructure-
H Grain size distrib.
Tc Porosity

High power device

Hk
Temp. coefficient of 4pMs – compensation T
 REFERENCES
Microwave ferrites and ferrimagnetics –
Benjamin Lax and Kenneth Button
McGraw Hill (1962)

Microwave Engineering –
David Pozar
Wiley (2003)