READING AND

WRITING
C

COMPOSITION
 COMPOSITION

A composition can either be a paragraph or an essay.

A paragraph is a group of interrelated sentences that

talk about one main idea.

An essay is a group of paragraphs that talk about one

central idea
 COMPOSITION

PARAGRAPH ESSAY

Organized around a topic sentence Organized around a thesis

Contains introductory sentence Contains introductory paragraph

Uses sentences to explain major points Uses paragraph to explain major points

May use a concluding sentence Always uses a concluding paragraph

 PARAGRAPH
Paragraph is composed of three major parts:

Topic sentence-the central idea of the paragraph it can be a stand, a

comment, an objective statement or a question

Supporting details-sentences that clarify and prove the main idea

Closing sentences-concludes details that had been presented

 PARAGRAPH
In •their book, Wilbert McKeachie and Marilla Svinicki described four types of
challenging students. The first type is composed of the attention-seeking,
discussion-dominating students who wants to be heard. The second type is
comprised of the inattentive students who doodle and drift off during class
discussion. They often stare at their cell phones and chat with their classmates
during lecture. The third type is composed of the unprepared students who are
characterized as the ones who skip doing their assignments prior to the class.
They do not have pens or paper even when they know that they are scheduled to
take their quizzes and exams. The last type of challenging students includes the
uncivil and disrespectful ones who display rude behaviors. Knowing these types of
challenging students would help teachers manage these behaviors constructively.
PARAGRAPH
•Cohesive Devices- transitional
devices, pronouns, or repetition
of ideas used in order for all of
the sentences linked properly.
 ESSAY
An essay has a more elaborate structure.

It is divided into general parts namely introduction, body, conclusion

I. Introduction

A. Lead or attention getter

B. Transitional Statement

C. Thesis Statement
ESSAY
II.BODY
A. Major Point 1
1.Minor Detail1
2.Minor Detail 2
B. Major Point2
1.Minor Detail 1
2.Minor Detail 2
C. Major Point 3
1.Minor Detail 1
2.Minor Detail 2
 ESSAY

III.CONCLUSION

A. Reiteration of thesis statement

B. Transitional Statement/Reiteration of

purpose, benefits, and recommendations

C. Closing Statement
 ESSAY
INTRODUCTION
A lead or an attention-getter is the first statement which aims to hook the readers.

A composition can have effective lead through the use of provocative rhetorical
questions, statistics, startling statement, anecdote, quotation, humor, or analogy.

It is followed by a transitional statement- the sentence which links to the main

statement. Generally a transitional statement provides the background of the topic

The last part of the introduction is the thesis statement which states the main idea or
argument of the essay.
ESSAY
TRANSITIONAL
PARAGRAPH
• In some cases, a paragraph does not
directly support to a thesis statement is
included in an essay. It is called a
transitional paragraph.
 ESSAY
BODY

The body is the meat of the essay.

It discusses the thesis statement in detail through its

paragraphs.

This is where topic is developed and where

arguments are laid out and discussed.
 ESSAY
CONCLUSION
The concluding paragraph begins with the restatement of the thesis statement
using a different structure and working to uphold the language style.

This part is followed by a transitional statement that talks about recommendations,

benefits of the ideas presented, or purpose of writing the essay.

Finally a closing statement is used to wrap up the essay.

One strategy used for ending an essay with a bang is to link to attention-getter in
the introduction
PROPERTIES OF A
WELL WRITTEN TEXT
• Knowing the parts of a paragraph and essay will help
you form the framework of your composition, and
knowledge of the aspect that make a well-written text
will enable you to ensure the quality of your work. More
importantly the message you want to communicate will
effectively come through.
 PROPERTIES OF A WELL WRITTEN TEXT
UNITY
UNITY is achieved when a composition contains one
focused idea.

In a unified text all the supporting ideas are relevant

to the main thought.

Without unity the text will be confusing.

 PROPERTIES OF A WELL WRITTEN TEXT
COHERENCE AND COHESION
Coherence and Cohesion – are achieved when ideas are logically clearly and smoothly linked to one
another; without it the reader may not be able to comprehend your composition.

Coherence occurs when ideas are connected at the conceptual or idea level.It can be seen through
well-defend arguments and organized points.

Cohesion is the connection of ideas at the sentence level.It can be readily seen in a text through smooth
flow of sentences and the connection of ideas. Cohesion can be applied using three techniques

The first one is through the use of pronouns to refrain from using specific words repeatedly.

The second technique is through the use of transitional devices to connect sentences to linked ideas.

The last technique employs a repetition of key words to tie up the paragraphs subtly.
 PROPERTIES OF A WELL WRITTEN TEXT
ORGANIZATION

Organization is achieved when ideas are logically and

accurately arranged.

Knowledge of the parts of the composition is a great

help in adhering to the correct organization of ideas.

The sentences within a paragraph must be organized

logically.
 PROPERTIES OF A WELL WRITTEN TEXT
LANGUAGE USE

Language Use the way language is used is one of

the indicators of a well written text.

It enables writers to effectively communicate

ideas without confusing the reader.

Effective language use is achieved by observing

the following time-tested principles in writing.
 PROPERTIES OF A WELL WRITTEN TEXT
LANGUAGE USE

1.Use clear and concise sentence. On average, a sentence is 18 words long. Note
that this does not require every sentence to be composed of exactly 18 words.

2.Avoid redundancies, wordiness, clichés, and high falutin language.

3. Avoid excessive use of "there" and "it" structures. These sentences can be revised
by dropping "there" and "it" phrase and transforming the sentences appropriately.

4. Use precise vocabulary. Be accurate and condense lengthy phrases into fewer
words.
 PROPERTIES OF A WELL WRITTEN TEXT
LANGUAGE USE

5. Be consistent with your pronoun's point of view.

6. Avoid sexist language. This issue can be addressed by using articles (a, an, and the), using
plural pronouns, using his or her instead of his, writing through a second person point of view,
or using gender-neutral nouns (e.g. chairperson instead of chairman). Make sure not to
overuse his or her technique as it break up the flow of your composition.

7. Use appropriate level of formality. The more formal texts use an academic tone while less
formal ones usually a personal or colloquial tone.
PROPERTIES OF A WELL WRITTEN TEXT
MECHANICS

Mechanics are the technical aspect of writing.

Mechanics should not be overlooked when writing.

It is one of the properties of a well-written text and is characterized as set of

conventions on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate, and capitalize a composition.
PROPERTIES OF A WELL WRITTEN TEXT
MECHANICS
In academic and more formal texts, the
following should be observed.
• Always use Standard English
• Avoid contractions (e.g., shouldn't)
• Avoid exclamation marks unless they are part of a
direct quotation.
• Mention the full name of an institution or organization
with the abbreviation in parenthesis, in first mention.
Thereafter use the abbreviation.
• Numbers from zero to ten should be spelled out while
numbers higher than ten should be written in figures.
• Generally citations are used in academic and formal
texts. However they are sparingly used in business text.
THANK YOU

PREPARED BY:
CHRYSTAL MILES
COMAJIG